Chapter 34

Question 1

1. An infant at 36 weeks of gestation has increasing respirations (80 to 100 breaths per minute with significant substernal retractions). The infant is given oxygen by continuous nasal positive airway pressure (CPAP). What level of partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) indicates hypoxia?
   a. 67 mm Hg
   b. 89 mm Hg
   c. 45 mm Hg
   d. 73 mm Hg

Answer 1

ANS: C
The laboratory value of PaO2 of 45 mm Hg is below the range for a normal neonate and indicates hypoxia in this infant. The normal range for PaO2 is 60 to 80 mm Hg; therefore, PaO2 levels of 67 and 73 mm Hg fall within the normal range, and a PaO2 of 89 mm Hg is higher than the normal range.

Question 2

2. On day 3 of life, a newborn continues to require 100% oxygen by nasal cannula. The parents ask if they may hold their infant during his next gavage feeding. Considering that this newborn is physiologically stable, what response should the nurse provide?
   a. “Parents are not allowed to hold their infants who are dependent on oxygen.”
   b. “You may only hold your baby’s hand during the feeding.”
   c. “Feedings cause more physiologic stress; therefore, the baby must be closely monitored. I don’t think you should hold the baby.”
   d. “You may hold your baby during the feeding.”

Answer 2

ANS: D
Physical contact with the infant is important to establish early bonding. The nurse as the support person and teacher is responsible for shaping the environment and making the caregiving responsive to the needs of both the parents and the infant. Allowing the parents to hold their baby is the most appropriate response by the nurse. Parental interaction by holding should be encouraged during gavage feedings; nasal cannula oxygen therapy allows for easy feedings and psychosocial interactions. The parent can swaddle the infant or provide kangaroo care while gavage feeding their infant. Both swaddling and kangaroo care during feedings provide positive interactions for the infant and help the infant associate feedings with positive interactions.

Question 3

3. A premature infant with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) receives artificial surfactant. How does the nurse explain surfactant therapy to the parents?
   a. “Surfactant improves the ability of your baby’s lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.”
   b. “The drug keeps your baby from requiring too much sedation.”
   c. “Surfactant is used to reduce episodes of periodic apnea.”
   d. “Your baby needs this medication to fight a possible respiratory tract infection.”

Answer 3

ANS: A
Surfactant can be administered as an adjunct to oxygen and ventilation therapy. With the administration of an artificial surfactant, respiratory compliance is improved until the infant can generate enough surfactant on his or her own. Surfactant has no bearing on the sedation needs of the infant. Surfactant is used to improve respiratory compliance, including the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The goal of surfactant therapy in an infant with RDS is to stimulate the production of surfactant in the type 2 cells of the alveoli. The clinical presentation of RDS and neonatal pneumonia may be similar. The infant may be started on broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat infection.

Question 4

4. An infant is to receive gastrostomy feedings. Which intervention should the nurse institute to prevent bloating, gastrointestinal reflux into the esophagus, vomiting, and respiratory compromise?
   a. Rapid bolusing of the entire amount in 15 minutes
   b. Warm cloths to the abdomen for the first 10 minutes
   c. Slow, small, warm bolus feedings over 30 minutes
   d. Cold, medium bolus feedings over 20 minutes

Answer 4

ANS: C
Feedings by gravity are slowly accomplished over 20- to 30-minute periods to prevent adverse reactions. Rapid bolusing would most likely lead to the adverse reactions listed. Temperature stability in the newborn is critical. Applying warm cloths to the abdomen would not be appropriate because the environment is not thermoregulated. In addition, abdominal warming is not indicated with feedings of any kind. Small feedings at room temperature are recommended to prevent adverse reactions.

Question 5

5. A premature infant never seems to sleep longer than an hour at a time. Each time a light is turned on, an incubator closes, or people talk near her crib, she wakes up and inconsolably cries until held. What is the correct nursing diagnosis beginning with “ineffective coping, related to”?
   a. Severe immaturity
   b. Environmental stress
   c. Physiologic distress
   d. Behavioral responses

Answer 5

ANS: B
“Ineffective coping, related to environmental stress” is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for this infant. Light and sound are known adverse stimuli that add to an already stressed premature infant. The nurse must closely monitor the environment for sources of overstimulation. Although the infant may be severely immature in this case, she is responding to environmental stress. Physiologic distress is the response to environmental stress. The result is stress cues such as increased metabolic rate, increased oxygen and caloric use, and depression of the immune system. The infant’s behavioral response to the environmental stress is crying. The appropriate nursing diagnosis reflects the cause of this response.

Question 6

6. Which clinical findings would alert the nurse that the neonate is expressing pain?
   a. Low-pitched crying; tachycardia; eyelids open wide
   b. Cry face; flaccid limbs; closed mouth
   c. High-pitched, shrill cry; withdrawal; change in heart rate
   d. Cry face; eyes squeezed; increase in blood pressure

Answer 6

ANS: D
Crying and an increased heart rate are manifestations indicative of pain in the neonate. Typically, infants tightly close their eyes when in pain, not open them wide. In addition, infants may display a rigid posture with the mouth open and may also withdraw limbs and become tachycardic with pain. A high-pitched, shrill cry is associated with genetic or neurologic anomalies.

Question 7

7. A newborn was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) after being delivered at 29 weeks of gestation to a 28-year-old multiparous, married, Caucasian woman whose pregnancy was uncomplicated until the premature rupture of membranes and preterm birth. The newborn’s parents arrive for their first visit after the birth. The parents walk toward the bedside but remain approximately 5 feet away from the bed. What is the nurse’s most appropriate action?
   a. Wait quietly at the newborn’s bedside until the parents come closer.
   b. Go to the parents, introduce him or herself, and gently encourage them to meet their infant. Explain the equipment first, and then focus on the newborn.
   c. Leave the parents at the bedside while they are visiting so that they have some privacy.
   d. Tell the parents only about the newborn’s physical condition and caution them to avoid touching their baby.

Answer 7

ANS: B
The nurse is instrumental in the initial interactions with the infant. The nurse can help the parents see the infant rather than focus on the equipment. The importance and purpose of the apparatus that surrounds their infant also should be explained to them. Parents often need encouragement and recognition from the nurse to acknowledge the reality of the infant’s condition. Parents need to see and touch their infant as soon as possible to acknowledge the reality of the birth and the infant’s appearance and condition. Encouragement from the nurse is instrumental in this process. Telling the parents to avoid touching their baby is inappropriate and unhelpful.

Question 8

8. An infant is being discharged from the NICU after 70 days of hospitalization. The infant was born at 30 weeks of gestation with several conditions associated with prematurity, including RDS, mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), requiring surgical treatment. During discharge teaching, the infant’s mother asks the nurse if her baby will meet developmental milestones on time, as did her son who was born at term. What is the nurse’s most appropriate response?
   a. “Your baby will develop exactly like your first child.”
   b. “Your baby does not appear to have any problems at this time.”
   c. “Your baby will need to be corrected for prematurity.”
   d. “Your baby will need to be followed very closely.”

Answer 8

ANS: C
The age of a preterm newborn is corrected by adding the gestational age and the postnatal age. The infant’s responses are accordingly evaluated against the norm expected for the corrected age of the infant. The baby is currently 40 weeks of postconceptional age and can be expected to be doing what a 40-week-old infant would be doing. Although predicting with complete accuracy the growth and development potential of each preterm infant is impossible, certain measurable factors predict normal growth and development. The preterm infant experiences catch-up body growth during the first 2 to 3 years of life. Development needs to be evaluated over time. The growth and developmental milestones are corrected for gestational age until the child is approximately years old.

Question 9

9. A pregnant woman was admitted for induction of labor at 43 weeks of gestation with sure dates. A nonstress test (NST) in the obstetrician’s office revealed a nonreactive tracing. On artificial rupture of membranes, thick meconium-stained fluid was noted. What should the nurse caring for the infant after birth anticipate?
   a. Meconium aspiration, hypoglycemia, and dry, cracked skin
   b. Excessive vernix caseosa covering the skin, lethargy, and RDS
   c. Golden yellow to green-stained skin and nails, absence of scalp hair, and an increased amount of subcutaneous fat
   d. Hyperglycemia, hyperthermia, and an alert, wide-eyed appearance

Answer 9

ANS: A
Meconium aspiration, hypoglycemia, and dry, cracked skin are consistent with a postmature infant. Excessive vernix caseosa, lethargy, and RDS are consistent with a very premature infant. The skin may be meconium stained, but the infant will most likely have long hair and decreased amounts of subcutaneous fat. Postmaturity with a nonreactive NST is indicative of hypoxia. Signs and symptoms associated with fetal hypoxia are hypoglycemia, temperature instability, and lethargy.

Question 10

10. During the assessment of a preterm infant, the nurse notices continued respiratory distress even though oxygen and ventilation have been provided. In this situation, which condition should the nurse suspect?
    a. Hypovolemia and/or shock
    b. Excessively cool environment
    c. Central nervous system (CNS) injury
    d. Pending renal failure

Answer 10

ANS: A
Other symptoms might include hypotension, prolonged capillary refill, and tachycardia, followed by bradycardia. Intervention is necessary. Preterm infants are susceptible to temperature instability. The goal of thermoregulation is to provide a neutral thermal environment. Hypoglycemia is likely to occur if the infant is attempting to conserve heat. CNS injury is manifested by hyperirritability, seizures, and abnormal movements of the extremities. Urine output and testing of specific gravity are appropriate interventions for the infant with suspected renal failure. This neonate is unlikely to be delivered with respiratory distress.

Question 11

11. In appraising the growth and development potential of a preterm infant, the nurse should be cognizant of the information that is best described in which statement?
    a. Tell the parents that their child will not catch up until approximately age 10 years (for girls) to age 12 years (for boys).
    b. Correct for milestones, such as motor competencies and vocalizations, until the child is approximately 2 years of age.
    c. Know that the greatest catch-up period is between 9 and 15 months postconceptual age.
    d. Know that the length and breadth of the trunk is the first part of the infant to experience catch-up growth.

Answer 11

ANS: B
Corrections are made with a formula that adds gestational age and postnatal age. Whether a girl or boy, the infant experiences catch-up body growth during the first 2 to 3 years of life. Maximum catch-up growth occurs between 36 and 40 weeks of postconceptual age. The head is the first to experience catch-up growth.

Question 12

12. A nurse practicing in the perinatal setting should promote kangaroo care regardless of an infant’s gestational age. Which statement regarding this intervention is most appropriate?
    a. Kangaroo care was adopted from classical British nursing traditions.
    b. This intervention helps infants with motor and CNS impairments.
    c. Kangaroo care helps infants interact directly with their parents and enhances their temperature regulation.
    d. This intervention gets infants ready for breastfeeding.

Answer 12

ANS: C
Kangaroo care is skin-to-skin holding in which the infant, dressed only in a diaper, is placed directly on the parent’s bare chest and then covered. The procedure helps infants interact with their parents and regulates their temperature, among other developmental benefits. Kangaroo care was established in Bogota, Colombia, assists the infant in maintaining an organized state, and decreases pain perception during heelsticks. Even premature infants who are unable to suckle benefit from kangaroo care. This practice fosters increased vigor and an enhanced breastfeeding experience as the infant matures.

Question 13

13. For clinical purposes, the most accurate definition of preterm and postterm infants is defined as what?
    a. Preterm: Before 34 weeks of gestation if the infant is appropriate for gestational age (AGA); before 37 weeks if the infant is small for gestational age (SGA)
    b. Postterm: After 40 weeks of gestation if the infant is large for gestational age (LGA); beyond 42 weeks if the infant is AGA
    c. Preterm: Before 37 weeks of gestation and postterm beyond 42 weeks of gestation; no matter the size for gestational age at birth
    d. Preterm: Before 38 to 40 weeks of gestation if the infant is SGA; postterm, beyond 40 to 42 weeks gestation if the infant is LGA

Answer 13

ANS: C
Preterm and postterm are strictly measures of time—before 37 weeks and beyond 42 weeks, respectively—regardless of the size for gestational age.

Question 14

14. With regard to an eventual discharge of the high-risk newborn or the transfer of the newborn to a different facility, which information is essential to provide to the parents?
    a. Infants stay in the NICU until they are ready to go home.
    b. Once discharged to go home, the high-risk infant should be treated like any healthy term newborn.
    c. Parents of high-risk infants need special support and detailed contact information.
    d. If a high-risk infant and mother need to be transferred to a specialized regional center, then waiting until after the birth and until the infant is stabilized is best.

Answer 14

ANS: C
High-risk infants can cause profound parental stress and emotional turmoil. Parents need support, special teaching, and quick access to various resources available to help them care for their baby. Parents and their high-risk infant should get to spend a night or two in a predischarge room, where care for the infant is provided away from the NICU. Simply because high-risk infants are eventually discharged does not mean they are normal, healthy babies. Follow-up by specialized practitioners is essential. Ideally, the mother and baby are transported with the fetus in utero; this reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Question 15

15. By understanding the four mechanisms of heat transfer (convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation), the nurse can create an environment for the infant that prevents temperature instability. Which significant symptoms will the infant display when experiencing cold stress?
    a. Decreased respiratory rate
    b. Bradycardia, followed by an increased heart rate
    c. Mottled skin with acrocyanosis
    d. Increased physical activity

Answer 15

ANS: C
The infant has minimal-to-no fat stores. During times of cold stress, the skin becomes mottled and acrocyanosis develops, progressing to cyanosis. Even if the infant is being cared for on a radiant warmer or in an isolette, the nurse’s role is to observe the infant frequently to prevent heat loss and to respond quickly if signs and symptoms of cold stress occur. The respiratory rate increases, followed by periods of apnea. The infant initially tries to conserve heat and burns more calories, after which the metabolic system goes into overdrive. In the preterm infant who is experiencing heat loss, the heart rate initially increases, followed by periods of bradycardia. In the term infant, increased physical activity is the natural response to heat loss. However, in a term infant who is experiencing respiratory distress or in a preterm infant, physical activity is decreased.

Question 16

16. When evaluating the preterm infant, the nurse understands that compared with the term infant, what information is important for the nurse to understand?
    a. Few blood vessels visible through the skin
    b. More subcutaneous fat
    c. Well-developed flexor muscles
    d. Greater surface area in proportion to weight

Answer 16

ANS: D
Preterm infants have greater surface area in proportion to their weight. More subcutaneous fat and well-developed muscles are indications of a more mature infant.

Question 17

17. When providing an infant with a gavage feeding, which infant assessment should be documented each time?
    a. Abdominal circumference after the feeding
    b. Heart rate and respirations before feeding
    c. Suck and swallow coordination
    d. Response to the feeding

Answer 17

ANS: D
Documentation of a gavage feeding should include the size of the feeding tube, the amount and quality of the residual from the previous feeding, the type and quantity of the fluid instilled, and the infant’s response to the procedure. Abdominal circumference is not measured after a gavage feeding. Although vital signs may be obtained before feeding, the infant’s response to the feeding is more important. Similarly, some older infants may be learning to suck; the most important factor to document would still be the infant’s response to the feeding, including the attempts to suck.

Question 18

18. An infant at 26 weeks of gestation arrives intubated from the delivery room. The nurse weighs the infant, places him under the radiant warmer, and attaches him to the ventilator at the prescribed settings. A pulse oximeter and cardiorespiratory monitor are placed. The pulse oximeter is recording oxygen saturations of 80%. The prescribed saturations are 92%. What is the nurse’s most appropriate action at this time?
    a. Listening to breath sounds, and ensuring the patency of the endotracheal tube, increasing oxygen, and notifying a physician
    b. Continuing to observe and making no changes until the saturations are 75%
    c. Continuing with the admission process to ensure that a thorough assessment is completed
    d. Notifying the parents that their infant is not doing well

Answer 18

ANS: A
Listening to breath sounds and ensuring the patency of the endotracheal tube, increasing oxygen, and notifying a physician are appropriate nursing interventions to assist in optimal oxygen saturation of the infant. Oxygen saturation should be maintained above 92%, and oxygenation status of the infant is crucial. The nurse should delay other tasks to stabilize the infant. Notifying the parents that the infant is not doing well is not an appropriate action. Further assessment and intervention are warranted before determining fetal status.

Question 19

19. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The signs of NEC are nonspecific. What are generalized signs and symptoms of this condition?
    a. Hypertonia, tachycardia, and metabolic alkalosis
    b. Abdominal distention, temperature instability, and grossly bloody stools
    c. Hypertension, absence of apnea, and ruddy skin color
    d. Scaphoid abdomen, no residual with feedings, and increased urinary output

Answer 19

ANS: B
Some generalized signs of NEC include decreased activity, hypotonia, pallor, recurrent apnea and bradycardia, decreased oxygen saturation values, respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, oliguria, hypotension, decreased perfusion, temperature instability, cyanosis, abdominal distention, residual gastric aspirates, vomiting, grossly bloody stools, abdominal tenderness, and erythema of the abdominal wall. The infant may display hypotonia, bradycardia, and metabolic acidosis.

Question 20

20. In caring for the preterm infant, what complication is thought to be a result of high arterial blood oxygen level?
    a. NEC
    b. ROP
    c. BPD
    d. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)

Answer 20

ANS: B
ROP is thought to occur as a result of high levels of oxygen in the blood. NEC is caused by the interference of blood supply to the intestinal mucosa. Necrotic lesions occur at that site. BPD is caused by the use of positive pressure ventilation against the immature lung tissue. IVH results from the rupture of the fragile blood vessels in the ventricles of the brain and is most often associated with hypoxic injury, increased blood pressure, and fluctuating cerebral blood flow.

Question 21

21. Which condition might premature infants who exhibit 5 to 10 seconds of respiratory pauses, followed by 10 to 15 seconds of compensatory rapid respiration, be experiencing?
    a. Suffering from sleep or wakeful apnea
    b. Experiencing severe swings in blood pressure
    c. Trying to maintain a neutral thermal environment
    d. Breathing in a respiratory pattern common to premature infants

Answer 21

ANS: D
Breathing in a respiratory pattern is called periodic breathing and is common to premature infants. This pattern may still require nursing intervention of oxygen and/or ventilation. Apnea is the cessation of respirations for 20 seconds or longer and should not be confused with periodic breathing.

Question 22

22. With regard to infants who are SGA and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), the nurse should be aware of which information?
    a. In the first trimester, diseases or abnormalities result in asymmetric IUGR.
    b. Infants with asymmetric IUGR have the potential for normal growth and development.
    c. In asymmetric IUGR, weight is slightly larger than SGA, whereas length and head circumference are somewhat less than SGA.
    d. Symmetric IUGR occurs in the later stages of pregnancy.

Answer 22

ANS: B
IUGR is either symmetric or asymmetric. The symmetric form occurs in the first trimester; infants who are SGA have reduced brain capacity. The asymmetric form occurs in the later stages of pregnancy. Weight is less than the 10th percentile; head circumference is greater than the 10th percentile. Infants with asymmetric IUGR have the potential for normal growth and development.

Question 23

23. NEC is an acute inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal mucosa that can progress to perforation of the bowel. Approximately 2% to 5% of premature infants succumb to this fatal disease. Care is supportive; however, known interventions may decrease the risk of NEC. Which intervention has the greatest effect on lowering the risk of NEC?
    a. Early enteral feedings
    b. Breastfeeding
    c. Exchange transfusion
    d. Prophylactic probiotics

Answer 23

ANS: B
A decrease in the incidence of NEC is directly correlated with exclusive breastfeeding. Breast milk enhances the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract and contains immune factors that contribute to a lower incidence or severity of NEC, Crohn disease, and celiac illness. The NICU nurse can be very supportive of the mother in terms of providing her with equipment to pump breast milk, ensuring privacy, and encouraging skin-to-skin contact with the infant. Early enteral feedings of formula or hyperosmolar feedings are a risk factor known to contribute to the development of NEC. The mother should be encouraged to pump or feed breast milk exclusively. Exchange transfusion may be necessary; however, it is a known risk factor for the development of NEC. Although still early, a study in 2005 found that the introduction of prophylactic probiotics appeared to enhance the normal flora of the bowel and therefore decrease the severity of NEC when it did occur. This treatment modality is not as widespread as encouraging breastfeeding; however, it is another strategy that the care providers of these extremely fragile infants may have at their disposal.

Question 24

24. Because of the premature infant’s decreased immune functioning, what nursing diagnosis should the nurse include in a plan of care for a premature infant?
    a. Delayed growth and development
    b. Ineffective thermoregulation
    c. Ineffective infant feeding pattern
    d. Risk for infection

Answer 24

ANS: D
The nurse needs to understand that decreased immune functioning increases the risk for infection. Growth and development, thermoregulation, and feeding may be affected, although only indirectly.

Question 25

25. What is the most important nursing action in preventing neonatal infection?
    a. Good handwashing
    b. Isolation of infected infants
    c. Separate gown technique
    d. Standard Precautions

Answer 25

ANS: A
Virtually all controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that effective handwashing is responsible for the prevention of nosocomial infection in nursery units. Measures to be taken include Standard Precautions, careful and thorough cleaning, frequent replacement of used equipment, and disposal of excrement and linens in an appropriate manner. Overcrowding must be avoided in nurseries. However, the most important nursing action for preventing neonatal infection is effective handwashing.

Question 26

1. Which risk factors are associated with NEC? (Select all that apply.)
   a. Polycythemia
   b. Anemia
   c. Congenital heart disease
   d. Bronchopulmonary dysphasia
   e. Retinopathy

Answer 26

ANS: A, B, C
Risk factors for NEC include asphyxia, RDS, umbilical artery catheterization, exchange transfusion, early enteral feedings, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), congenital heart disease, polycythemia, anemia, shock, and gastrointestinal infection. Bronchopulmonary dysphasia and retinopathy are not associated with NEC.

Question 27

2. Infants born between 34 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation are called late-preterm infants because they have many needs similar to those of preterm infants. Because they are more stable than early-preterm infants, they may receive care that is similar to that of a full-term baby. These infants are at increased risk for which conditions? (Select all that apply.)
   a. Problems with thermoregulation
   b. Cardiac distress
   c. Hyperbilirubinemia
   d. Sepsis
   e. Hyperglycemia

Answer 27

ANS: A, C, D
Thermoregulation problems, hyperbilirubinemia, and sepsis are all conditions related to immaturity and warrant close observation. After discharge, the infant is at risk for rehospitalization related to these problems. Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) launched the Near-Term Infant Initiative to study the problem and ways to ensure that these infants receive adequate care. The nurse should ensure that this infant is adequately feeding before discharge and that parents are taught the signs and symptoms of these complications. Late-preterm infants are also at increased risk for respiratory distress and hypoglycemia.

Question 28

1. The corrected age of an infant who was born at 25 1/7 weeks and is preparing for discharge 124 days past delivery is ______________.

Answer 28

ANS:
42 6/7 weeks
The age of a preterm newborn is corrected by adding the gestational age and the postnatal age. For example, an infant born at 32 weeks of gestation 4 weeks ago would now be considered 36 weeks of age. (32 + 4 = 36).

Question 29

When providing an infant with a gavage feeding, what should the nurse document each time?

a. The infant’s abdominal circumference after the feeding
b. The infant’s heart rate and respirations
c. The infant’s suck and swallow coordination
d. The infant’s response to the feeding

Answer 29

Ans: D
Documentation of a gavage feeding should include the size of the feeding tube, the amount and quality of the residual from the previous feeding, the type and quantity of the fluid instilled, and the infant’s response to the procedure. Some older infants may be learning to suck, but the important factor to document is the infant’s response to the feeding (including attempts to suck). Abdominal circumference is not measured after a gavage feeding. Vital signs may be obtained prior to feeding, but the infant’s response is more important.

Question 30

A male infant at 26 weeks of gestation arrives from the delivery room intubated. The nurse weighs the infant, places him under the radiant warmer, and attaches him to the ventilator at the prescribed settings. A pulse oximeter and cardiorespiratory monitor are placed. The pulse oximeter is recording oxygen saturation values of 80%. The prescribed saturation value is 92%. The nurse’s most appropriate action is to:

a. Listen to breath sounds and ensure the patency of the endotracheal tube, increase oxygen, and notify a physician.
b. Continue to observe and make no changes until the saturations are 75%.
c. Continue with the admission process to ensure that a thorough assessment is completed.
d. Notify the parents that their infant is not doing well.

Answer 30

Ans: A
The actions described in A are appropriate nursing interventions to assist in optimal O2 saturation of the infant. Oxygenation of the infant is crucial. O2 saturation should be maintained at more than 92%, and the nurse should delay other tasks to stabilize the infant. The action described in D is not appropriate. Further assessment and intervention are warranted prior to determination of fetal status.

Question 31

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The signs of NEC are nonspecific. Some generalized signs are:

a. Hypertonia, tachycardia, and metabolic alkalosis.
b. Abdominal distention, temperature instability, and grossly bloody stools.
c. Hypertension, absence of apnea, and ruddy skin color.
d. Scaphoid abdomen, no residual with feedings, and increased urinary output.

Answer 31

Ans: B
Some generalized signs of NEC include decreased activity, hypotonia, pallor, recurrent apnea and bradycardia, decreased oxygen saturation values, respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, oliguria, hypotension, decreased perfusion, temperature instability, cyanosis, abdominal distention, residual gastric aspirates, vomiting, grossly bloody stools, abdominal tenderness, and erythema of the abdominal wall.

Question 32

For diagnostic and treatment purposes, nurses should know the birth weight classifications of high risk infants. For example, extremely low birth weight (ELBW) is the designation for an infant whose weight is:

a. Less than 1500 g.
b. Less than 1000 g.
c. Less than 2000 g.
d. Dependent on the gestational age.

Answer 32

Ans: B
ELBW is defined as less than 1000 g. At such weights, problems are so numerous that ethical issues regarding when to treat arise. Less than 1500 g is the designation for very low birth rate (VLBW). Less than 2000 g is less than LBW but too high for VLBW. Gestational age is a factor with weight in the condition of the preterm birth, but it is not part of the birth weight categorization.

Question 33

Premature infants who exhibit 5 to 10 seconds of respiratory pauses followed by 10 to 15 seconds of compensatory rapid respiration are:

a. Suffering from sleep or wakeful apnea.
b. Experiencing severe swings in blood pressure.
c. Trying to maintain a neutral thermal environment.
d. Breathing in a respiratory pattern common to premature infants.

Answer 33

Ans: D
The pattern of 5 to 10 seconds of respiratory pauses followed by 10 to 15 seconds of rapid respiration is called periodic breathing, which is common to premature infants. It may require nursing intervention such as oxygen and/or ventilation. Apnea is a cessation of respirations for 20 seconds or longer. An infant who presents with fluctuation in systemic blood pressure may have experienced a central nervous system injury. An infant attempting to maintain body temperature is likely to present with hypoglycemia, shivering, and mottled color.

Question 34

A nurse providing care to preterm infants should understand that nasogastric and orogastric tubes are used to:

a. Help maintain body temperature.
b. Provide oxygen and ventilation.
c. Replace surfactants.
d. Feed the infants.

Answer 34

Ans: D
Nasogastric and orogastric tubes are used in gavage feeding, providing breast milk or formula directly to an infant unable to nipple feed. To help maintain body temperature, preterm infants should be placed on warmers. Oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and a ventilator are used for O2 and ventilation. Surfactants are not replaced by using nasogastric or orogastric tubes.

Question 35

With regard to small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), nurses should be aware that:

a. In the first trimester, diseases or abnormalities result in asymmetric IUGR.
b. Infants with asymmetric IUGR have the potential for normal growth and development.
c. In asymmetric IUGR, weight is slightly more than SGA, whereas length and head circumference are somewhat less than SGA.
d. Symmetric IUGR occurs in the later stages of pregnancy.

Answer 35

Ans: B
The infant with asymmetric IUGR has the potential for normal growth and development.
IUGR is either symmetric or asymmetric. The symmetric form occurs in the first trimester, as a result of disease or abnormalities; SGA infants have reduced brain capacity. The asymmetric form occurs in the later stages of pregnancy. Weight is less than the 10th percentile, but the head circumference is greater than the 10th percentile (within normal limits).

Question 36

Which priority intervention would be needed if the nurse suspected that an infant was septic?

a. Administration of oxygen
b. Electronic monitoring of vital signs
c. Intravenous access
d. Recorded intake and output

Answer 36

Ans: C
Establishing intravenous access for the administration of antibiotics would be a priority intervention. The other actions described might be required but are not the priority intervention.

Question 37

Which factor would contribute to depletion of weight and metabolic stores in the high risk newborn?

a. Frequent breast feedings
b. Core temperature within normal range
c. Phototherapy
d. Bathing

Answer 37

Ans: C
The use of phototherapy could lead to insensible heat loss and as a result lead to decreased weight and metabolic stores in the high risk newborn. Frequent breastfeedings and bathing would not have these effects. Maintaining a core temperature would help maintain weight and metabolic stores in the high risk newborn.

Question 38

Which of the following processes or findings increase the risk of preterm infants in which hematologic problems are developing? (Select all that apply.)

a. Decrease in size of red blood cells
b. Decreased capillary fragility
c. Prolonged PT time
d. Decreased red blood cell survival time
e. Decrease in erythropoiesis

Answer 38

Ans: C, D, E
Prolonged PT reflects an increased tendency to bleed in preterm infants. Decrease in red blood cell survival time is seen in such infants. So is decreased functional ability of erythropoietin, which limits red blood cell synthesis. One sees an increase in the size of red blood cells in preterm infants, which affects their survival time. Increased capillary fragility also occurs in preterm infants.