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Medical Terminology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ankyl/o

A

crooked, bent, stiff

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2
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

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3
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

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4
Q

chondr/i, chondr/o

A

cartilage

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5
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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6
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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7
Q

-desis

A

to bind, tie together

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8
Q

kyph/o

A

bent, hump

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9
Q

lord/o

A

curve, swayback, bent

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10
Q

Lumb/o

A

lumbar, lower back

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11
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord, bone marrow

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12
Q

oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o

A

bone

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13
Q

scoli/o

A

curved, bent

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14
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

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15
Q

synovi/o, synov/o

A

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

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16
Q

cells that break down old or damaged bone

A

osteoclast

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17
Q

cells that help rebuild the bone

A

osteoblast

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18
Q

repairs minor damage from normal activity and also repairs bones after injuries, such as fractures

A

ossification

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19
Q

second hardest tissue in the human body; capable of growth, healing, and reshaping itself

A

bone, connective tissue

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20
Q

dense, hard, and very strong bone; forms the protective outer layer of bones

A

compact bone, aka cortical bone

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21
Q

porous, making lighter and weaker than compact bone; more susceptible to fractures; commonly contains red bone marrow

A

spongy bone, aka cancellous bone

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22
Q

central cavity located in the shaft of long bones and surrounded by compact bone; red and yellow bone marrow stored here

A

medullary cavity

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23
Q

tissue that lines the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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24
Q

hematopoietic tissue; located within the spongy bone; manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes

A

red bone marrow

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25
Q

functions as a fat storage area; gradually replaces about half of red bone marrow after early adolescence

A

yellow bone marrow

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26
Q

covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate; makes smooth joint movement possible; protects the bones from rubbing against each other

A

articular cartilage

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27
Q

curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints; examples: knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw

A

meniscus

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28
Q

smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue

A

cartilage

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29
Q

shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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30
Q

wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs

A

epiphyses

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31
Q

end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

A

proximal epiphysis

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32
Q

end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the
body

A

distal epiphysis

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33
Q

opening through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

A

foramen

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34
Q

normal projection on the surface of a bone, most commonly serves as an attachment of a muscle or tendon

A

process

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35
Q

how many bones does the adult skeleton have?

A

206

36
Q

protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems, 80 bones

A

axial skeleton

37
Q

five groups of the axial skeleton

A

Bones of the skull
Ossicles (bones) of the middle ear
Hyoid bone
Rib cage
Vertebral column

38
Q

makes body movement possible; protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction; consists of 126 bones

A

appendicular skeleton

39
Q

groups of the appendicular skeleton

A

Upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands)
Lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet)

40
Q

anything that is attached to a major part of the body

A

appendage

41
Q

the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg

A

extremity

42
Q

bones of the cranium

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, external
auditory meatus sphenoid, and ethmoid

43
Q

auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes
Three tiny bones located in the middle
ear

44
Q

bones of the face

A

nasal, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine,
lacrimal, inferior conchae, vomer, and
mandible

45
Q

first seven pairs attached anteriorly to the sternum

A

true ribs

46
Q

next three pairs attached anteriorly to cartilage that connects to the
sternum

A

false ribs

47
Q

only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but are not attached
anteriorly

A

floating ribs

48
Q

forms the upper portion of the sternum

A

manubrium

49
Q

cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

A

xiphoid process

50
Q

how many bones are in the fingers?

A

14

51
Q

how many vertebrae are there in the spinal column?

A

26

52
Q

first seven vertebrae; form the neck

A

cervical

53
Q

T1 through T12; have ribs attached

A

thoracic

54
Q

L1 through L5; form inward curve

A

lumbar

55
Q

triangular bone near base of spine

A

sacrum

56
Q

tailbone; forms the end of the spine

A

coccyx

57
Q

uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating
health problems by spinal manipulation

A

osteopath

58
Q

loss or absence of mobility

A

ankylosis

59
Q

frozen shoulder; ankylosis caused by adhesions

A

adhesive capsulitis

60
Q

abnormal softening of cartilage

A

chondromalacia

61
Q

popliteal cyst; fluid-filled sac behind the knee

A

baker’s cyst

62
Q

inflammation of cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum

A

costochondritis

63
Q

bunion; abnormal enlargement of the base joint of the great toe

A

hallux valgus

64
Q

blood within a joint

A

hemarthrosis

65
Q

inflammatory disorder of muscles and
joints

A

polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)

66
Q

partial displacement of a bone from its joint

A

subluxation

67
Q

occurs when the bone is pressed together
(compressed) on itself

A

compression fracture

67
Q

occurs when the bone is pressed together
(compressed) on itself

A

compression fracture

68
Q

colles fracture

A

broken wrist; often occurs when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on the hand

69
Q

simple fracture or a complete
fracture; no open wound in the skin

A

closed fracture

70
Q

compound fracture; open wound in the skin

A

open fracture

71
Q

bone is splintered or crushed

A

comminuted fracture

72
Q

bone does not break into two separate pieces; occurs primarily in children

A

incomplete fracture

73
Q

one side of the bone is broken and the other side is only bent

A

greenstick fracture

74
Q

affected side of the bone is compressed and buckles but does not break

A

buckle fracture (torus fracture)

75
Q

occurs at an angle across the bone

A

oblique fracture

76
Q

bone weakened by osteoporosis or cancer breaks under normal strain

A

pathologic fracture

77
Q

complete fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart; occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion

A

spiral fracture

78
Q

small crack in bone that develops from chronic, excessive impact

A

stress fracture (overuse injury)

79
Q

occurs straight across, perpendicular to the shaft of the bone

A

transverse fracture

80
Q

fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

A

fat embolus

81
Q

grating sound heard when ends of a broken bone move together

A

crepitation (crepitus)

82
Q

bulging deposit around the area of the break that forms as bone heals

A

callus

83
Q

used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

84
Q

low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips; produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing

A

dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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