Chapter 2

Question 1

X-Ray Photography

Answer 1

X-rays used in conjunction with sound film. The use of this technique can reveal the details of the functioning of the vocal apparatus. The entirety of how a sound is produced is revealed and can actually be seen as it happens.

Question 2

Palatography

Answer 2

Experimental method that shows the contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. Can be static or dynamic.

Question 3

Sound Spectrograph

Answer 3

Equipment that generates a spectrogram for speech input. A spectrogram is a three-dimensional representation of sound in which the vertical axis represents frequency, the horizontal axis represents time, and the darkness of shading represents amplitude.

Question 4

Impressionistic Phonetic Transcription

Answer 4

A method of writing down speech sounds with the intent of capturing how they are pronounced (e.g., by using a phonetic alphabet). Usually based simply on how the sounds are perceived when heard without any special analysis.

Question 5

Phone

Answer 5

A speech sound. Phones are written in square brackets, for example, [t].

Question 6

Co-articulation

Answer 6

The adjustment of articulation of a segment due to the influence of a neighboring sound(s).

Question 7

Segment

Answer 7

The individual units of the speech stream; segments can be further subdivided into consonants and vowels.

Question 8

Suprasegmentals

Answer 8

The individual units of the speech stream; segments can be further subdivided into consonants and vowels.

Question 9

Consonant

Answer 9

Speech sound produced with a constriction somewhere in the vocal tract that impedes airflow.

Question 10

Vowel

Answer 10

Speech sound produced with at most only a slight narrowing somewhere in the vocal tract, allowing air to flow freely through the oral cavity.

Question 11

Syllable

Answer 11

Speech sound produced with at most only a slight narrowing somewhere in the vocal tract, allowing air to flow freely through the oral cavity.

Question 12

Monosyllabic

Answer 12

Consisting of only one syllable.

Question 13

Onset

Answer 13

In a syllable, any consonant(s) that occurs before the rhyme.

Question 14

Rhyme

Answer 14

In a syllable, the vowel and any consonants that follow it.

Question 15

Nucleus

Answer 15

The core element of a syllable, carrying stress, length, and pitch (tone). It usually consists of a vowel or a syllabic consonant.

Question 16

Coda

Answer 16

which consists of any final consonants. The structure of a syllable is shown in (1).

Question 17

Monophthong

Answer 17

A simple vowel, composed of a single configuration of the vocal organs.

Question 18

Diphthong

Answer 18

A complex vowel, composed of a sequence of two different configurations of the vocal organs.

Question 19

Running Speech

Answer 19

The usual form of spoken language, with all the words and phrases run together, without pauses in between them. Sometimes called continuous speech.

Question 20

Nasalized Verb

Answer 20

Vowel produced while lowering the velum to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity.