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Human A&P > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

The simplest type of matter, composed of only one kind of atom.

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2
Q

What are the four most common elements found in the human body?

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), and Oxygen (O)

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3
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element.

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4
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms chemically combined to form an independent unit.

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5
Q

What is an Ion?

A

Atoms or molecules that have a charge.

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6
Q

Explain the acidic end of the pH scale..

A

A proton donating substance that releases hydrogen ions. Acids are on the lower end of the scale.

(In terms of the respiratory system as a buffer for blood, if blood is acidic, there is too much CO2 in the body’s system.)

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7
Q

Explain the basic end of the pH scale…

A

A proton accepting substance that accepts hydrogen ions and releases hydroxide ions. Basic substances are on the higher end of the pH scale.

(In terms of the respiratory system as a buffer for blood, if blood is basic, there is not enough CO2 in the body’s system.)

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8
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that resists large changes in pH levels.

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9
Q

Explain acidosis…

A

Acidosis is a term used to describe acidic blood.

If someone is in a state of acidosis, they have high levels of CO2 in their blood.

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10
Q

Explain Alkalosis…

A

Alkalosis is a term used to describe basic blood.

If someone is in a state of alkalosis, they have very low levels of CO2 in their blood.

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11
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms, chemically combined.

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12
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.

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13
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solution is a homogeneous mixture where on substance (solute) is dissolved into another (solvent).

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14
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A heterogenous mixture in which particles are dispersed throughout the bulk of a fluid.

(Particles are large and visible in fluid and will eventually settle)

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15
Q

Explain dehydration synthesis…

A

Taking smaller molecules and synthesizing them into one big molecule, water is a byproduct of this chemical reaction.

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16
Q

Explain hydrolysis…

A

Using water to break one large molecule into smaller molecules.

17
Q

Explain the concept of pH…

A

The scale that measures how acidic or basic (alkaline) a substance is.

18
Q

How does the respiratory system maintain blood pH homeostasis?

A

When CO2 levels are too high, the respiratory system speeds up to shed off the extra CO2…

When CO2 levels are too low, the respiratory system slows down to maintain CO2.

19
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Building Block: Monosaccharides.

Functions: Energy, structure and bulk.

Examples: Glucose (monosaccharide), Lactose (Disaccharide), and Glycogen (Trisaccharide).

20
Q

Lipids

A

Building Block: fatty acids and glycerol

Function: Protection, energy storage, and cell signaling.

Examples: Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

21
Q

Proteins

A

Building Block: Amino acids

Functions: Movement, structure, energy, and catalyst.

Examples: Enzymes

22
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Building Block: Nucleotides

Functions: Energy and information storage

Examples: Deoxyribose (DNA), Ribose (RNA), and ATP

23
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions w/o being consumed in the process.

24
Q

Normal range of blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

25
Q

Primary structure…

A

A chain of amino acids. Similar to a line of beads.

26
Q

Secondary structure…

A

Comes in two shapes; alpha helix and beta sheet. The alpha helix is similar to a hair curl while a beta sheet is more like a zigzag.

27
Q

Tertiary structure…

A

3D shape of the entire protein.

28
Q

What kind of things could affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperate, substrate amount, pH, and inhibitors.

Human A&P (4 decks)

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