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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 18: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up endocrine system organs?

A
  • Endocrine Glands
  • Neuroendrocrine
  • Tissues/Cells
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2
Q

What 5 glands make up the endocrine system?

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
  • pineal glands
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3
Q

What tissues and cells are in the endocrine system?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads (ovary/testis)
  • placenta
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4
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Anterior (adenohypophysis)
  • Posterior (neuropophysis)
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5
Q

What 7 hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Leutinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Adrencorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
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6
Q

Which 2 hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

A
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  • Oxytocin (OXT)
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7
Q

How are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) & oxytocin (OXT) released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • action potentials from hypothalamus trigger release of ADH & OXT
  • ADH & OXT transported to posterior pituitary through anterograde transportation
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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A
  • in sella turcica
  • connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum (right above hypothalamus)
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9
Q

What kinds of hormones does the pituitary gland release?

A

Peptide hormones (9)

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10
Q

Function of hypothalamus in endocrine system

A
  • secrete or inhibit “RH” (releasing) or “IH” (inhibitory) hormones
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11
Q

Function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

helps reabsorb and keep water in body

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12
Q

Where is ADH (antidiuretic hormone) released from?

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is ADH’s target organ?

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

When is ADH released?

A

released in response to decrease in blood volume/blood pressure or an increase in solute in the blood

  • more solute in blood, more dehydrated, more water body wants to keep
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15
Q

How does ADH travel through the body?

A
  • osmoreceptors sense osmolarity in hypothalamus
  • if solute conc. is too high, release ADH
  • ADH travels to kidneys & helps reabsorb water
  • makes person thirsty
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16
Q

How does ADH production stop?

A
  • negative feedback loop
    1. osmoreceptors sense adequate amt of water
    2. signal to hypothalamus
    3. hypothalamus ends production of ADH
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17
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A
  • large volumes of urine secreted
    Due to…
  • low conc. of ADH (don’t reabsorb H2O)
  • ADH does not bind correctly
  • not enough receptors
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18
Q

Function of Oxytocin

A

increases strength of smooth muscle contractions
(positive feedback)

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19
Q

When is oxytocin inhibited?

A
  • when no more pressure
    ex. uterus, mammary glands, sperm duct
20
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

affect release of hormones from other glands (help release 2nd hormone)
ex. TSH

21
Q

Hormones that release a 2nd hormone?

A

Tropic Hormones

22
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

  1. Function?
  2. Location of Release?
  3. Hormone that Releases?
  4. Loop of Release?
A
  • Function: stimulates thyroid gland
  • Location of Release: Anterior Pituitary
  • Hormone that Releases: TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)
  • Loop of release:
    1. stress causes hypothalamus to release TRH
    2. TRH travels to anterior pituitary through hypophyseal portal system
    3. TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
    4. TSH travels through blood to thyroid gland
    5. TSH stimulates thyroid gland to secrete T3 & T4
    6. T3 & T4 are stored in thyroglobulin in thyroid follicles until ready to be secreted
    7. T3 & T4 are secreted into blood & bind to mitochondria & increase metabolic rate (use more ATP)
    8. increase heat production
23
Q

Do kids or adults produce more TSH?

A

Kids - less cold than adults (warmer due to body burning/using more ATP)

24
Q

What do the numbers in T3 & T4 means?

A

the # of iodines attached to the hormone
ex. T3 (3 iodines attached)
T4 (4 iodines attached)

25
Q

What are gonadotropins?

A

hormone that help regulate gonads
ex. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (leutinizing hormone)

26
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland are FSH & LH released by?

A

Anterior Pituitary lobe

27
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Function?
Loop of Release?
Gland Released From?

A

Function: forms eggs (oocytes) & sperm
Loop of Release:
1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
2. GnRH travels to anterior pituitary
3. Anterior Pituitary releases FSH
4. FSH travels to gonads
5. Gonads release estrogen
Gland Released from: Gonads
- helps secrete estrogen

28
Q

Leutinizing Hormone (LH)

Function?
Loop of Release?
Gland Released From?

A

Function: triggers ovulation, stimulates testosterone in males, & estrogen/progesterone for preg.
Loop of Release:
1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH
2. GnRH travels to anterior pituitary
3. Anterior Pituitary releases LH
4. LH travels to gonads (ovaries/testis)
5. Ovaries/testis produce testosterone, progesterone, & estrogen

29
Q

Function: forms eggs (oocytes) & sperm
Loop of Release:
1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
2. GnRH travels to anterior pituitary
3. Anterior Pituitary releases FSH
4. FSH travels to gonads
Gland Released from: Gonads
- helps secrete estrogen

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

30
Q

Function: triggers ovulation, stimulates testosterone in males, & estrogen/progesterone for preg.
Loop of Release:
1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH
2. GnRH travels to anterior pituitary
3. Anterior Pituitary releases LH
4. LH travels to gonads (ovaries/testis)
5. Ovaries/testis produce testosterone, progesterone, & estrogen

A

Leutinizing Hormone (LH)

31
Q

GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)

A

Function: releases FSH & LH from hypothalamus
- not in pre-pubescent individs.
Negative Feedback Loop:
1. when estrogen, progesterone, and/or androgens increase, inhibits production of GnRH
2. Stops production of FSH & LH

32
Q

What cells secrete calcitonin?

A

parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland

33
Q

What is the function of thyroglobulin?

A
  • precursor to thyroid hormones
  • stores thyroid hormone cells
  • secreted by thyroid follicle
34
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

low T3 & T4 levels with high TSH levels in blood

35
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism?

A
  • medications
  • inadequate intake of iodine
  • autoimmune disease
36
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A

hyper secretion of T3 & T4 and normal levels of TSH

37
Q

T4

A
  • precursor to T3
  • tetraiodothyronine aka “thyroxine”
  • 4 iodines attached to hormone
38
Q

T3

A
  • triiodothyronine
  • 3 iodines attached to hormone
39
Q

What 3 hormones does the thyroid gland release?

A
  • T3 (triiodothyronine)
  • T4 (tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine)
  • calcitonin
40
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

reduce blood Ca2+ levels

41
Q

Calcitonin

Function?
Organ secreted by?
Target Tissue?

A

Function: decrease high blood Ca2+ levels, protects kids from hypercalcemia, excretion of Ca2+ & phosphate from urine in kidneys, stops PTH

Organ secreted by: parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

Target Tissue: bone
- decreases osteoclast activity, increase osteoblast activity
- levels raise in response to high Ca2+ lvls
- absorbed by small intestine

42
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Function:
Organ secreted by:
Target Tissue:

A

Function: helps regulate Ca2+ lvls, increase bone breakdown (increases osteoclast activity releasing Ca2+ & phosphate)

Glands secreted by: parathyroid glands

Target Tissue: bone, kidneys, small intestine (indirectly)

PTH binds to membrane, activates G-protein, increases cAMP lvls
- release of PTH –> low Ca2+
- inhibition of PTH –> high Ca2+

43
Q

PTH & effect on kidneys

A
  • increases calcium re uptake in blood, decreasing Ca2+ in urine
  • increase vitamin D3 production in kidneys
44
Q

Loop if Ca2+ blood lvls rise

A
  1. blood Ca2+ lvls increase
  2. parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin & parathyroid gland decreases PTH secretion
  3. decreased bone reabsorption (osteoclasts inhibited)
  4. decreased Ca2+ reuptake from intestine and kidneys
  5. Ca2+ blood lvls decrease (homeostasis)
45
Q

Loop if Ca2+ blood lvls decrease

A
  1. blood Ca2+ lvls decrease
  2. parafollicular cells stop secreting calcitonin & increase secretion of PTH
  3. Increased bone reabsorption (osteoblasts inhibited)
  4. increased Ca2+ reuptake from intestine and kidneys
  5. Ca2+ blood lvls increase (homestasis)
46
Q

Loop of melatonin production

A
  1. light hits retina and triggers action potentials
  2. action potential travel to hypothalamus
  3. hypothalamus passes on action potentials to pineal gland
  4. pineal gland releases melatonin
  5. melatonin inhibits GnRH production
47
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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