Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

ambulation

A

the way the patient walks, including gait, any unsteadiness, or possible difficulty

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2
Q

emotional affect

A

reflects to the patient’s expression, tone of voice, mood, and emotions

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3
Q

vital signs

A

four key indications that the body systems are functioning - temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure

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4
Q

VSS

A

vital signs stable

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5
Q

fever

A

oral body temperature higher than ~100 F

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6
Q

hyperthermia

A

extremely high body temperature, usually caused by prolonged exposure to environmental heat

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7
Q

hypothermia

A

abnormally low body temperature

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8
Q

pulse

A

rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery that is caused by the beating of the heart

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9
Q

heart rate

A

number of times the heart beats each minute; recorded as bpm

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10
Q

respiration

A

aka respiratory rate (RR); the number of complete breaths per minute - 1 respiration = 1 inhalation and 1 exhalation

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11
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries

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12
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

instrument used to measure the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries

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13
Q

systolic and diastolic reading

A

systolic = first beat heart; diastolic = second beat heard

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14
Q

acute pain

A

comes on quickly, can be severe and lasts only short time; can be caused by disease, inflammation, or injury

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15
Q

chronic pain

A

can be mild severe, persists over a long period of time, resistant to most medical treatments

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16
Q

auscultation

A

listening for sounds within the body, usually performed with a stethoscope

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17
Q

rales

A

abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration (breathing in)

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18
Q

rhonchi

A

coarse rattling sounds that are somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways

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19
Q

stridor

A

an abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound caused by a blockage in the throat or in the larynx (voice box)

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20
Q

lubb sound

A

first heard heart beat sound through a stethoscope; caused by the tricuspid and mitral valves closing between the atria and the ventricles

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21
Q

dupp sound

A

second heard heart beat sound through a stethoscope, shorter and higher pitched; heard by the closing of the valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries as blood is pumped out of the heart

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22
Q

bruit

A

an abnormal sound or murmur head during auscultation of an artery; usually due to a partially blocked, narrowed, or diseased artery

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23
Q

thrill

A

an abnormal rhythmic vibration felt when palpating an artery

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24
Q

heart murmur

A

an abnormal heart sound most commonly a sign of defective heart valves; volume and the stage of the heartbeat when the murmur is heard

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25
Q

abdominal sounds

A

aka bowel sounds; normal noises made by the intestines

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26
Q

palpation

A

an examination technique in which the examiner’s hands are used to fell the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts

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27
Q

percussion

A

a diagnostic procedure designed to determine the density of a body part by the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers

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28
Q

opthalmoscope

A

instrument used to examine the interior of the eye

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29
Q

otoscope

A

instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane

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30
Q

speculum

A

instrument used to enlarge to opening of any canal or cavity, especially the vagina, to facilitate inspection of its interior

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31
Q

stethoscope

A

instrument used to listen to sounds within the body

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32
Q

recumbent

A

any position in which the patient is lying down

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33
Q

decubitus

A

patient lying in a recumbent position in radiography (lying down)

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34
Q

horizontal recumbent position

A

(supine position); patient is lying on the back, face up; position used for examination and treatment of the anterior surface of the body and for x-rays

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35
Q

dorsal recumben position

A

patient is lying on the back, face up, with knees bent; position used for the examination and treatment of the abdominal area and for vaginal or rectal examinations

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36
Q

lithotomy position

A

patient is lying on the back, face up, with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups; position used for vaginal and rectal examinations and during childbirth

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37
Q

prone position

A

patient lying on the abdomen face down, arms may be placed under the head for comfort; position used for examination and treatment of the back and buttocks

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38
Q

Sim’s position

A

patient is lying on the left side with right knee and thigh drawn up with the left arm placed along the back; position used in the examination and treatment of the rectal area

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39
Q

knee-chest position

A

patient lying face down with hips bent so that the knees and chest rest on the table; used for rectal examinations

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40
Q

phlebotamy

A

(venipuncture); the puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood

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41
Q

arterial stick

A

puncture of an artery, usually on the inside of the wrist, to obtain arterial blood

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42
Q

capillary puncture

A

technique used when only a small amount of blood is needed as a specimen for a blood test

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43
Q

complete blood cell count (CBC = complete blood count)

A

series of tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions

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44
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

(sed rate), test based on the speed with which the red blood cells separate from the plasma and fall to the bottom of a specialized test tube

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45
Q

hematocrit (Hct)

A

describes the percentage, by volume, of a blood sample occupied by red cells

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46
Q

hydration

A

fluid levels in the body

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47
Q

polycythemia

A

excess red blood cells

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48
Q

anemia

A

deficient red blood cells

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49
Q

platelet count

A

measures the number of platelets in a specified amount of blood and is a screening test to evaluate platelet function

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50
Q

thrombocytosis

A

abnormal increase in number of platelets

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51
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormal decrease in the number of platelets

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52
Q

red blood cell count (RBC)

A

determination of the number of erythrocytes in the blood

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53
Q

total hemoglobin test (Hb)

A

usually part of a complete blood count; elevated level indicates polycythemia or dehydration

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54
Q

white blood cell count (WBC)

A

determination of the number of leukocytes in the blood; elevated count can be indication of infection or inflammation

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55
Q

basic metabolic panel (BMP)

A

group of 8 specific blood tests that provide important information about the current status of the patient’s kidneys, electrolyte balance, blood sugar, and calcium levels

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56
Q

blood urea nitrogen test (BUN)

A

measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea; performed to obtain an indication of kidney function

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57
Q

urea

A

the major end product of protein metabolism found in urine and blood

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58
Q

crossmatch tests

A

performed to determine the compatibility of donor blood and the recipient before a blood transfusion

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59
Q

agglutination

A

clumping together of red blood cells

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60
Q

C-reactive protein test (CRP)

A

performed to identify high levels of inflammation within the body

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61
Q

lipid panel

A

(lipid profile); measures the amounts of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides in a blood sample

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62
Q

prothrombin time

A

(pro time), a coagulation test used to diagnose conditions associated with abnormalities of clotting time and to monitor anticoagulant therapy; longer pro time can be caused by serious liver disease, bleeding disorders, blood-thinning meds, or lack of vitamin K

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63
Q

serum bilirubin test

A

measures the ability of the liver to take up, process, and secrete bilirubin into the bile; useful to determine liver disease or a blocked bile ducts

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64
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormones assay

A

measures circulating blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that can indicate abnormal thyroid activity

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65
Q

arterial blood gas analysis (ABG)

A

measure pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels of arterial blood; used to evaluate lung and kidney function and overall metabolism

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66
Q

genome testing (genomic testing)

A

whole genome screening that uses DNA to identify genetic variants that may increase the risk of certain diseases or disorders

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67
Q

urinalysis

A

examination of the physical and chemical properties to determine the presence of abnormal elements

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68
Q

routine urinalysis

A

performed to scree fo urinary and systemic disorders; uses a dipstick

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69
Q

microscopic examination

A

performed on the specimen when more detailed testing of the specimen is necessary; ex: to identify casts (fibrous or protein materials, such as pus and fats, that are thrown off into the urine in kidney disease)

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70
Q

acidosis

A

excessive acid in the body fluids; pH below 7

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71
Q

alkalosis

A

pH above 7

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72
Q

albuminuria

A

the presence of the protein albumin in the urine

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73
Q

bacteriuria

A

the presence of bacteria in the urine

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74
Q

calciuria

A

the presence of calcium in the urine

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75
Q

creatinuria

A

an increased concentration of creatinine in the urine (creatinine = waste product of muscle metabolism normally removed by the kidneys)

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76
Q

drug-screening urine test

A

a rapid method of identifying the presence in the body of one or more drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or marijuana

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77
Q

glycosuria

A

the presence of glucose in the urine; commonly caused by untreated diabetes mellitus

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78
Q

hematuria

A

the presence of blood in the urine; can be caused by kidney stones, infection, kidney damage, or bladder cancer

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79
Q

ketonuria

A

the presence of ketones in the urine (Ketones= formed when the body breaks down fat, and their presence in urine can indicate starvation or uncontrolled diabetes)

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80
Q

proteinuria

A

the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine; usually a sign of kidney disease

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81
Q

pyuria

A

the presence of pus in the urine; when pus is present in urine, it appears turbid (having a cloudy or smoky appearance)

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82
Q

urine culture and sensitivity test (Urine C and S)

A

laboratory test that is used to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection and to determine which antibiotic would be the most effective treatment

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83
Q

stool analysis

A

examination of the physical and chemical properties of stool to determine the presence of abnormal elements such as bacteria, blood, enzymes, bile, fat, and undigested nutrients

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84
Q

stool gram stain

A

tests for which bacteria are present in a sample

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85
Q

stool guaiac test

A

looks for blood in the stool

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86
Q

fecal fat test

A

analyzes how much fat is contained in the sample to determine how well the body is digesting fat and whether the necessary functions in fat absorption by the pancreas and gallbladder are working

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87
Q

endoscopy

A

the visual examination of the interior of a body cavity

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88
Q

endoscopic surgery

A

a surgical procedure that is performed through very small incisions with the use of an endoscope and specialized instruments

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89
Q

endoscope

A

a small, flexible tube with a light and a lens on the end

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90
Q

laparoscopy

A

the visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope that is passed through a small incision in the abdominal wall

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91
Q

centesis

A

a surgical puncture to remove excess fluid or to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes

92
Q

abdominocentesis

A

the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid

93
Q

amniocentesis

A

a diagnostic test performed during pregnancy

94
Q

arthocentesis

A

a surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis to determine the cause of pain or swelling in a joint

95
Q

cardiocentesis (cardiopuncture)

A

the puncture of a chamber of the heart for diagnosis or therapy

96
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

the puncture of the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid

97
Q

biopsy

A

the removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis; can be done with a tissue or fluid sample from skin, muscle, bone, and other organs

98
Q

fine-needle aspiration (FNA)

A

biopsy that uses a very thin needle inserted through the skin and into the intended fluid or tissue

99
Q

core needle biopsy

A

biopsy that uses a larger needle to collect more of the fluid or tissue

100
Q

x-ray

A

uses x-rays passing through the patient to expose a film or create a digital image that shows the body in profile

101
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

a scan that uses a thin, fanshaped x-ray beam that rotates around the patient to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body

102
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

an imaging technique that uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body

103
Q

contrast medium

A

administered by swallowing, via an enema, or IV to make specific body structures visible

104
Q

radiopaque

A

a substance that does not allow x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film
hard tissues = bone and tooth enamel (appear white or light gray)
soft tissues = muscles, skin (appear as shades of gray to black)

105
Q

radiolucent

A

the substance, such as air or nitrogen gas, allows x-rays to pass through and appears black or dark gray on the resulting film

106
Q

intravenous contrast medium

A

injected into a vein to make the flow of blood through blood vessels and organs visible

107
Q

barium (Ba)

A

a radiopaque barium-sulfate compound contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract

108
Q

radiology

A

creates an image of hard-tissue internal structures by the exposure of sensitized film to x-radiation; produces a radiograph (x-ray)

109
Q

interventional radiology

A

the use of radiographic imaging to guide a procedure or confirm placement of an inserted object

110
Q

radiographic positioning

A

describes the placement of the patient’s body and the part of the body that is closest to the x-ray film

111
Q

radiographic projection

A

describes the path that the x-ray beam follows through the patient’s body from the entrance to the exit

112
Q

tomography

A

the imaging of cross-sections of a part of the body

113
Q

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

helps locate problems within blood vessels throughout the body; sometimes includes use of a contrast dye

114
Q

fluoroscopy

A

the visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen.

115
Q

ultrasonography

A

the imaging of deep body structures by recording the echoes of sound wave pulses that are above the range of human hearing; (ultrasound)

116
Q

sonogram

A

image created by ultrasonography

117
Q

echocardiography

A

an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart; results in an echocardiogram

118
Q

doppler echocardiogram

A

performed in the same way as an echocardiogram; however, this procedure measures the speed and direction of the blood flow within the heart

119
Q

fetal ultrasound

A

a noninvasive procedure used to image and evaluate fetal development during pregnancy

120
Q

transesophageal echocardiography

A

an ultrasonic imaging technique that is performed from inside the esophagus to evaluate heart structures.

121
Q

nuclear medicine

A

drugs known as radiopharmaceuticals are used for either diagnostic or treatment purposes

122
Q

nuclear imaging

A

the use of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic purposes

123
Q

nuclear scan

A

(scintigram); diagnostic procedure that uses nuclear medicine technology to gather information about the structure and function of organs or body systems that cannot be seen on conventional x-rays

124
Q

bone scan

A

nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown

125
Q

thyroid scan

A

a radiopharmaceutical containing radioactive iodine is administered; provides information about the size, shape, location, and relative activity of different parts of the thyroid gland

126
Q

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

a type of nuclear imaging test that produces 3D computer-reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissues and organs

127
Q

perfusion

A

the flow of blood through an organ

128
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

combines computed tomography with radionuclide tracers, usually inserted into a vein, to produce enhanced images of selected body organs or areas

129
Q

pharmacology

A

study of the nature, uses, and effects of drugs for medical purposes

130
Q

prescription drug

A

medication that can legally be dispensed only by a pharmacist with an order from a licensed professional such as a physician or dentist

131
Q

over-the-counter (OTC) drug

A

a medication that can be purchased without a prescription

132
Q

generic drug

A

usually named for its chemical structure and is not protected by a brand name or trademark

133
Q

brand-name drug

A

sold under the name given the drug by the manufacturer; always spelled with a capital letter

134
Q

formulary

A

a list of prescription drugs covered by a specific health care plan

135
Q

Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)

A

most commonly used drug information guide. It is updated annually

136
Q

addiction

A

compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a drug, alcohol, or other substance

137
Q

controlled substances

A

addictive prescription medicines and illicit drugs whose manufacture, possession, and use are regulated by the government

138
Q

drug tolerance

A

when the body has become accustomed to a medication after being on it for a length of time, and higher doses are required to achieve the desired effect

139
Q

adverse drug reaction (ADR)

A

(side effect); undesirable reaction that accompanies that principal response for which the drug was taken

140
Q

adherence

A

also called compliance; the patient’s consistency and accuracy in following the regimen (directions or rules) prescribed by a physician or other health care professional.

141
Q

contraindication

A

a factor in the patient’s condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised

142
Q

drug interaction

A

result of drugs reacting with each other, often in ways that are unexpected or potentially harmful

143
Q

synergism

A

the interaction of two drugs taken together that enhances the effectiveness of both

144
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual

145
Q

palliative

A

a substance that eases the pain or severity of a disease but does not cure it

146
Q

paradoxical reaction

A

the result of medical treatment that yields the opposite of normally expected results

147
Q

placebo

A

an inactive substance, such as a sugar pill or liquid, that is administered only for its suggestive effects

148
Q

antipyretic

A

medication administered to prevent or reduce fever

149
Q

anti-inflammatory

A

medication relieves inflammation and pain without affecting consciousness

150
Q

analgesic

A

refers to the class of drugs that relieves pain without affecting consciousness

151
Q

non-narcotic analgesics

A

sold over the counter for mild to moderate pain; prescription pain relievers, sold through a pharmacy under the direction of a physician, are used for moderate to severe pain

152
Q

opioids (narcotics)

A

such as morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and codeine, are available by prescription only to relieve severe pain

153
Q

acetaminophen

A

an analgesic that reduces pain and fever but does not relieve inflammation; however, it does not have the negative side effects of NSAIDS

154
Q

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

non-narcotic analgesics administered to control pain by reducing inflammation and swelling; some are OTC, stronger NSAIDs are available by prescription

155
Q

ibuprofen

A

NSAID that is sold OTC; acts as an analgesic and an antipyretic

156
Q

anticonvulsants

A

prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy; have some effect as part of some chronic pain management

157
Q

antidepressants

A

prevent or relieve depression; have some effect as part of some chronic pain management

158
Q

pain-relieving creams (topical analgesics)

A

applied to the skin to relieve pain due to conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, or burns

159
Q

oral analgesics

A

help relieve pain in and near the mouth such as toothache or cold sore

160
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A

a method of pain control by wearing a device that delivers small electrical impulses, as needed, to the nerve endings through the skin

161
Q

inhalation administration

A

vapors and gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs

162
Q

oral administration

A

medications taken by mouth to be absorbed through the walls of the stomach or small intestine

163
Q

rectal administration

A

insertion of medication in the rectum either in the form of a suppository or a liquid

164
Q

suppository

A

medication in a semisolid form that is introduced into the rectum; melts at body temperature, and the medication is absorbed through the surrounding tissues

165
Q

sublingual administration

A

placement of medication under the tongue where it is allowed to dissolve slowly

166
Q

topical application

A

liquid or ointment that is rubbed into the skin on the area to be treated

167
Q

cortisone ointment

A

applied topically to relieve itching and to speed healing

168
Q

antibiotic ointments

A

applied over minor wounds to prevent infection

169
Q

transdermal

A

the administration of medication through the unbroken skin so that it is absorbed continuously to produce a systemic effect

170
Q

parenteral

A

taken into the body or administered In a manner other than through the digestive tract

171
Q

subcutaneous injection (SC)

A

administration of medication by injection into the fatty layer just below the skin

172
Q

intradermal injection

A

the administration of medication by injection into the middle layers of the skin

173
Q

intramuscular injection (IM)

A

the administration of medication by injection directly into muscle tissue

174
Q

intravenous injection (IV)

A

the administration of medication by injection directly into a vein

175
Q

peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line)

A

frequently used for a patient who will need IV therapy for more than 7 days

176
Q

bolus (bolus infusion)

A

a single, concentrated dose of a drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time

177
Q

durable medical equipment (DME)

A

products prescribed by a doctor that are not medications; ex: wheelchairs, walkers, crutches, CPAP devices, blood sugar monitors, etc

178
Q

wearable medical devices

A

devices that a patient can use to track various signs and symptoms

179
Q

allopathic medicine

A

another term for conventional, or Western, medical practices and systems of health care

180
Q

alternative medicine

A

general term for practices and systems of health care other than allopathic approaches used in place of these treatments

181
Q

complementary medicine

A

general term for practices and systems of health care other than allopathic approaches used to supplement these treatments

182
Q

integrative medicine

A

a model of health care based on both allopathic and alternative medicine

183
Q

holistic

A

a treatment approach that takes into consideration the whole body and its environment, including the mind, body, and spirit

184
Q

wellness

A

general term that means actively working toward a state of being in good physical and mental health

185
Q

Ayurvedic medicine

A

the traditional Hindu system of medicine, emphasizing a holistic approach to preventive treatment through hygiene, exercise, herbal preparations, and yoga and the treatment of illnesses with herbal medicines, physiotherapy, and diet

186
Q

traditional Chinese medicine

A

a system of ancient Chinese medicinal treatments including acupuncture, diet, herbal therapy, meditation, physical exercise, and massage to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease

187
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of body movements and physical activity

188
Q

naturopathy (naturopathic medicine)

A

combination of nutrition, medicinal supplements and herbs, water therapy, homeopathy, and lifestyle modifications used to identify and treat the root causes of symptoms and disease instead of surgery and drugs

189
Q

herbal medicine (phytotherapy)

A

the use of plants as a dietary supplement

190
Q

homeopathy

A

involves the use of substances created from plant or mineral products diluted a thousand-fold in water or alcohol

191
Q

mind-body therapies

A

try to reduce stress and prevent its negative effects on the body

192
Q

guided imagery (visualization)

A

type of treatment in which a patient follows verbal prompts to envision a specific, peaceful location in detail, distancing themself from any pain or stress the patient is currently experiencing

193
Q

hypnosis

A

a type of therapy in which a patient is placed in a state of focused concentration and narrowed attention that makes him or her more susceptible to suggestions, and then given suggestions directed toward the patient’s treatment goal

194
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

focuses on becoming aware of thoughts and emotions and their physiological responses, as well as accepting them and maintaining a calm, constant awareness

195
Q

energy therapies

A

try to improve or maintain health by manipulating the body’s energy flow, or qi

196
Q

acupressure

A

traditional Chinese touch therapy involving finger pressure applied to specific areas of the body to restore the flow of qi

197
Q

acupuncture

A

a traditional Chinese medical practice using very thin acupuncture needles inserted into specific points of the body to restore the flow of qi

198
Q

Qi Gong

A

Chinese system of movement, breathing techniques, and meditation designed to improve and enhance the flow of qi

199
Q

Reiki

A

Japanese technique in which the practitioner transfers healing energy to the patient by means of visualization or gentle touch

200
Q

hands-on therapies

A

try to improve body function by physically manipulating or massaging the body

201
Q

chiroptractic manipulative therapy

A

system of mechanical spinal adjustments made by a chiropractor to correct biomechanical problems in the skeletal framework of the body

202
Q

osteopathic manipulative therapy

A

mechanical spinal adjustment used in conjunction with conventional medical therapies by an osteopath

203
Q

therapeutic massage

A

use of touch and pressure to relieve pain

204
Q

craniosacral therapy

A

use of gentle touch to help the body release tension, stress, and trauma to correct restrictions resulting from stress on the central nervous system

205
Q

myofascial release

A

specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome

206
Q

neuromuscular therapy (NMT)

A

form of massage that uses soft-tissue manipulation focusing on applying pressure to trigger points to treat injuries and alleviate pain

207
Q

pharmacist

A

licensed specialist who formulates and dispenses prescribed medications

208
Q

sonographer

A

technician specifically trained in the technique of ultrasound

209
Q

nuclear medicine technologist

A

specializes in the preparation and administration of radiopharmaceuticals

210
Q

acupuncturist

A

a professional who has had extensive education in acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine and is licensed by each state

211
Q

phlebotomist

A

a professional who has had extensive education in acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine and is licensed by each state

212
Q

radiologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders with x-rays and other forms of radiant energy

213
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin, protein

214
Q

calc/i

A

calcium, lime, the heel

215
Q

-centesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid

216
Q

creatin/o

A

creatinine

217
Q

fluor/o

A

glowing

218
Q

glycos/o

A

glucose, sugar

219
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen, abdominal wall

220
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

221
Q

-otomy

A

cutting, surgical incision

222
Q

pyret/o

A

fever

223
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-rays

224
Q

-scope

A

instrument for visual examination

225
Q

-scopy

A

visual examination

226
Q

son/o

A

sound

227
Q

ultra-

A

beyond