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Educationsl psychology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between social learning and social cognitive theories?

A

Social learning theory expands behavioral views of reinforcement and punishment, while social cognitive theory includes cognitive factors such as beliefs, expectations, and perceptions of self.

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2
Q

What does current social cognitive theory explain?

A

It explains human adaptation, learning, and motivation, addressing how people develop social, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral capabilities.

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3
Q

What is triarchic reciprocal causality?

A

It is the dynamic interplay between personal, environmental, and behavioral influences.

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4
Q

What factors influence modelling in social cognitive theory?

A
  • Developmental characteristics of the observer
  • Status and prestige of the model
  • Consequences of the model’s actions
  • Observer’s expectations about performing the observed behaviors
  • Observer’s self-efficacy
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5
Q

What outcomes can observational learning encourage?

A
  • Directing attention
  • Encouraging existing behaviors
  • Changing inhibitions
  • Teaching new behaviors and attitudes
  • Arousing emotions
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6
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Self-efficacy involves judgments of capabilities specific to a particular task, distinct from self-concept and self-esteem.

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7
Q

What are the sources of self-efficacy?

A
  • Mastery experiences
  • Level of arousal
  • Vicarious experiences
  • Social persuasion
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8
Q

How does self-efficacy affect motivation?

A

Greater efficacy leads to greater effort, persistence, higher goals, and finding new strategies; low efficacy may result in task avoidance or giving up easily.

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9
Q

What is teachers’ sense of efficacy?

A

It is the belief that a teacher can reach even difficult students to help them learn, influencing their persistence and burnout levels.

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10
Q

What factors are involved in self-regulated learning?

A

Knowledge, motivation to learn, and volition.

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11
Q

What is the self-regulated learning cycle according to Winne and Hadwin?

A
  • Analyzing the task
  • Setting goals and designing plans
  • Enacting strategies to accomplish the task
  • Regulating learning
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12
Q

What are the phases of self-regulated learning according to Zimmerman?

A
  • Forethought
  • Performance
  • Reflection
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13
Q

What activities do self-regulating learners engage in?

A
  • Analyzing the task
  • Setting goals and designing plans
  • Engaging in learning
  • Adjusting their approach to learning
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14
Q

Fill in the blank: One important goal of teaching is to prepare students for lifelong learning, which requires them to be _______.

A

[self-regulated learners]

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15
Q

What is the difference between social learning and social cognitive theories?

A

Social learning theory expands behavioral views of reinforcement and punishment, while social cognitive theory includes cognitive factors such as beliefs, expectations, and perceptions of self.

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16
Q

What does current social cognitive theory explain?

A

It explains human adaptation, learning, and motivation, addressing how people develop social, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral capabilities.

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17
Q

What is triarchic reciprocal causality?

A

It is the dynamic interplay between personal, environmental, and behavioral influences.

How well did you know this?
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18
Q

What factors influence modelling in social cognitive theory?

A
  • Developmental characteristics of the observer
  • Status and prestige of the model
  • Consequences of the model’s actions
  • Observer’s expectations about performing the observed behaviors
  • Observer’s self-efficacy
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1
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19
Q

What outcomes can observational learning encourage?

A
  • Directing attention
  • Encouraging existing behaviors
  • Changing inhibitions
  • Teaching new behaviors and attitudes
  • Arousing emotions
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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20
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Self-efficacy involves judgments of capabilities specific to a particular task, distinct from self-concept and self-esteem.

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21
Q

What are the sources of self-efficacy?

A
  • Mastery experiences
  • Level of arousal
  • Vicarious experiences
  • Social persuasion
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22
Q

How does self-efficacy affect motivation?

A

Greater efficacy leads to greater effort, persistence, higher goals, and finding new strategies; low efficacy may result in task avoidance or giving up easily.

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23
Q

What is teachers’ sense of efficacy?

A

It is the belief that a teacher can reach even difficult students to help them learn, influencing their persistence and burnout levels.

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24
Q

What factors are involved in self-regulated learning?

A

Knowledge, motivation to learn, and volition.

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25
Q

What is the self-regulated learning cycle according to Winne and Hadwin?

A
  • Analyzing the task
  • Setting goals and designing plans
  • Enacting strategies to accomplish the task
  • Regulating learning
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26
Q

What are the phases of self-regulated learning according to Zimmerman?

A
  • Forethought
  • Performance
  • Reflection
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27
Q

What activities do self-regulating learners engage in?

A
  • Analyzing the task
  • Setting goals and designing plans
  • Engaging in learning
  • Adjusting their approach to learning
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28
Q

Fill in the blank: One important goal of teaching is to prepare students for lifelong learning, which requires them to be _______.

A

[self-regulated learners]

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29
Q

What is motivation?

A

Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

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30
Q

True or False: Intrinsic motivation comes from external rewards.

A

False

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: Intrinsic motivation is driven by _______.

A

internal rewards

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32
Q

What are the two main types of motivation?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

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33
Q

Multiple Choice: Which theory suggests that motivation is based on the desire to fulfill basic needs before higher-level needs? (A) Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory (B) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (C) Self-Determination Theory

A

B) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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34
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior driven by external rewards such as money, fame, or grades.

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35
Q

True or False: Motivation can only be intrinsic.

A

False

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36
Q

What does the term ‘self-determination’ in motivation refer to?

A

Self-determination refers to the ability to make choices and manage one’s own life.

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37
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting motivation? (A) Personal goals (B) Environmental factors (C) Age

A

C) Age

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38
Q

Fill in the blank: According to Self-Determination Theory, the three basic psychological needs are competence, relatedness, and _______.

A

autonomy

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39
Q

What are the three components of motivation according to the Expectancy Theory?

A

Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

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40
Q

True or False: Motivation can be influenced by both internal and external factors.

A

True

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41
Q

What is the purpose of goal-setting in motivation?

A

Goal-setting provides direction and increases commitment to achieving objectives.

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42
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes ‘goal orientation’? (A) The desire to achieve goals (B) The way individuals approach their goals (C) The ability to set realistic goals

A

B) The way individuals approach their goals

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43
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ theory posits that individuals are motivated by the desire to minimize pain and maximize pleasure.

A

hedonistic

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44
Q

What is the role of feedback in motivation?

A

Feedback provides information on performance, reinforcing motivation and guiding improvements.

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45
Q

True or False: A person’s motivation level remains constant over time.

A

False

46
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards?

A

Intrinsic rewards are internal satisfactions, while extrinsic rewards are external incentives.

47
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors can decrease motivation? (A) Clear goals (B) Lack of resources (C) Positive feedback

A

B) Lack of resources

48
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ refers to the tendency to pursue goals that are perceived as meaningful.

A

Goal-directed behavior

49
Q

What is the impact of a positive work environment on motivation?

A

A positive work environment enhances motivation by fostering engagement and satisfaction.

50
Q

True or False: Motivation is solely determined by financial incentives.

A

False

51
Q

What is the significance of autonomy in motivation?

A

Autonomy enhances intrinsic motivation by allowing individuals to have control over their actions.

52
Q

Multiple Choice: Which theory emphasizes the importance of intrinsic motivation for personal growth? (A) Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory (B) Self-Determination Theory (C) Expectancy Theory

A

B) Self-Determination Theory

53
Q

What is goal orientation?

A

Goal orientation refers to the reasons or purposes individuals have for pursuing goals, which can influence their motivation and behavior.

54
Q

True or False: There are two main types of goal orientations.

A

False. There are generally considered to be two primary types: mastery goal orientation and performance goal orientation.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: Mastery goal orientation focuses on _______.

A

learning and self-improvement.

56
Q

What is performance goal orientation?

A

Performance goal orientation is focused on demonstrating ability relative to others and achieving favorable judgments.

57
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of goal orientation? A) Mastery B) Performance C) Avoidance D) Achievement

A

D) Achievement

58
Q

Short answer: How does mastery goal orientation affect learning?

A

It encourages persistence, intrinsic motivation, and a focus on understanding and skill development.

59
Q

True or False: Performance-approach orientation is a type of performance goal orientation.

A

True.

60
Q

Fill in the blank: Performance-avoidance orientation is characterized by a fear of _______.

A

failing to demonstrate ability.

61
Q

What are the potential outcomes of mastery goal orientation?

A

Increased engagement, resilience, and deeper learning.

62
Q

Multiple choice: Which goal orientation is associated with anxiety and avoidance? A) Mastery B) Performance-approach C) Performance-avoidance

A

C) Performance-avoidance

63
Q

Short answer: Name one factor that influences an individual’s goal orientation.

A

Self-efficacy, previous experiences, or the social environment.

64
Q

True or False: Goal orientations are fixed and cannot change over time.

A

False.

65
Q

Fill in the blank: Individuals with a performance-approach orientation aim to _______ their peers.

A

outperform.

66
Q

What is the relationship between goal orientation and academic performance?

A

Mastery goal orientation is typically associated with higher academic performance compared to performance goal orientations.

67
Q

Multiple choice: Which orientation is more likely to lead to adaptive learning strategies? A) Mastery B) Performance-avoidance C) Performance-approach

A

A) Mastery

68
Q

Short answer: Describe one characteristic of a performance-approach oriented individual.

A

They seek to prove their competence and gain recognition.

69
Q

True or False: Goal orientation can impact an individual’s emotional responses to success and failure.

A

True.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: A person with a mastery orientation is likely to view challenges as _______.

A

opportunities for growth.

71
Q

What type of feedback is most beneficial for individuals with a mastery goal orientation?

A

Constructive feedback that focuses on improvement and learning.

72
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of a performance-avoidance orientation? A) Seeking to learn B) Avoiding failure C) Seeking to outperform others

A

B) Avoiding failure

73
Q

Short answer: How can educators foster a mastery goal orientation in students?

A

By creating a supportive learning environment that emphasizes effort and progress.

74
Q

True or False: Goal orientations are only relevant in academic settings.

A

False.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: The concept of goal orientation can be applied in various fields, including _______.

A

sports, business, and personal development.

76
Q

What is the impact of performance goal orientation on collaboration?

A

It may hinder collaboration due to competition and comparison among peers.

77
Q

Multiple choice: Which orientation is more likely to lead to a growth mindset? A) Mastery B) Performance-approach C) Performance-avoidance

A

A) Mastery

78
Q

What is the definition of self-perception?

A

Self-perception refers to the way individuals view themselves, including their beliefs, attitudes, and self-concept.

79
Q

True or False: Beliefs can be changed through new experiences and information.

A

True

80
Q

Fill in the blank: A person’s _____ can significantly influence their behavior and decision-making.

A

beliefs

81
Q

What is the relationship between beliefs and self-esteem?

A

Beliefs about oneself can greatly affect self-esteem; positive beliefs can enhance self-esteem, while negative beliefs can diminish it.

82
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common source of self-perception? A) Media B) Personal experiences C) Social interactions D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

83
Q

What is the term for a deeply held belief that is resistant to change?

A

Core belief

84
Q

True or False: Self-perception is static and does not change over time.

A

False

85
Q

What is the psychological theory that emphasizes the role of self-perception in shaping behavior?

A

Self-perception theory

86
Q

Fill in the blank: Self-_____ refers to the beliefs individuals hold about their own abilities and attributes.

A

concept

87
Q

What are the two main types of self-perception?

A

Positive self-perception and negative self-perception.

88
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following can lead to distorted self-perceptions? A) Social comparison B) Feedback from others C) Personal achievements D) Both A and B

A

D) Both A and B

89
Q

What is an example of a negative self-belief?

A

Believing that one is not good enough or worthy of success.

90
Q

True or False: Self-affirmation can help improve self-perception.

A

True

91
Q

What role does feedback play in shaping self-perception?

A

Feedback from others can influence and modify an individual’s self-perception, either positively or negatively.

92
Q

Fill in the blank: Cognitive _____ can affect how we interpret our self-perceptions.

A

dissonance

93
Q

What is the impact of cultural factors on self-perception?

A

Cultural factors can shape the values and beliefs individuals hold about themselves, influencing their self-perception.

94
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing self-perception? A) Personal experiences B) Genetics C) Environmental context D) Social media

A

B) Genetics

95
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

96
Q

True or False: High self-efficacy is associated with greater motivation and perseverance.

A

True

97
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ model suggests that self-perception is formed through observing one’s own behavior.

A

self-perception

98
Q

What is a common consequence of negative self-perception?

A

Increased anxiety and depression.

99
Q

Multiple choice: Which strategy can help improve self-perception? A) Journaling B) Avoiding social situations C) Negative self-talk D) Ignoring feedback

A

A) Journaling

100
Q

What is the difference between self-esteem and self-concept?

A

Self-esteem refers to the value one places on oneself, while self-concept is the overall perception of oneself.

101
Q

True or False: Self-perception can influence physical health.

A

True

102
Q

What are the 5 areas of motivation?

A

•choices
•getting started
•intensity
•persistence
•thoughts and feelings

103
Q

What is the complete lack of any intent to act?

A

Amotivation

104
Q

Motivation associated with activities that are their own reward

A

Intrinsic motivation

105
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Motivation created by external factors, such as rewards and punishments.

106
Q

Locus of causality

A

The location, internal or external, of the cause of behaviour.

107
Q

Define reward

A

An attractive object or event supplied as a consequence of a behaviour

108
Q

Define incentive

A

An object or event that encourages or discourages behaviour

109
Q

What is humanistic interpretation?

A

And approach to motivation that emphasizes personal freedom, choice, self determination, and striving for personal growth.

110
Q

What are the five general approaches to motivation?

A

Behavioural approaches
Humanistic approaches
Cognitive approaches
Social cognitive theories
Social cultural conceptions

Educationsl psychology (5 decks)

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