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Biology Module 4 Biodiversity, Evolution And Disease > Chapter 10: Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Classification And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The organising of living organisms into groups based on similar features.

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2
Q

What is the order of the seven Taxonomic groups?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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3
Q

What is the largest taxonomic group?

A

Kingdom

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4
Q

What is the smallest taxonomic group?

A

Species

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5
Q

What taxonomic group was added above kingdom?

A

Domain was added above kingdom based on genetic analysis

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6
Q

Why do we classify organisms?

A

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To identify evolutionary links

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7
Q

How are organisms named using binomial nomenclature?

A

First name = Genus
Second name= species

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8
Q

What is important to remember when writing binomial nomenclature?

A

The Genus name should be capitalised
The species name is in lowercase
Usually, the name would be written in italics, however if handwritten than the entire name should be underlined.

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9
Q

Why is the system of binomial nomenclature used?

A

It’s a universal classification system that allows scientists from all over the word to share research and allows links between different organisms to be seen.

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10
Q

What does it mean if organism have one of the same taxonomic names?

A

They are related through a common ancestor

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11
Q

What is a species?

A

An organism that is able to produce fertile offspring

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12
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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13
Q

What are the general features of a Prokaryotae?

A

Unicellular
Have small ribosomes
No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Nutrients are absorbed through the cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis

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14
Q

What are the general features of Protoctista?

A

Unicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Some have chloroplasts
Nutrients is acquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic), ingestion of other organisms (heterotrophic) or both
Some are parasitic
Some are sessile (immobile), while others move by cilia or flagella

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15
Q

What are the general features of Fungi?

A

Unicellular or multicellular
Contains a nucleus , other membrane bound organelles and a cell wall composed of chitin
No chloroplast
No mechanism for locomotion (movement)
Stores food as glycogen
Nutrients acquired by absorption (saprophytic)
Body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae

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16
Q

What are the general features of Plantae?

A

Multicellular
Contains a nucleus, other membrane bound organelles and a cell wall composed of cellulose
Contains chloroplasts/ chlorophyll
Most are immobile
Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic)
Stores food as starch

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17
Q

What are the general features of Animalia?

A

Multicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane organelles but no cell wall
No chloroplasts
Can move with cilia, flagella or contractile proteins
Nutrients acquired by digestion (heterotrophic)
Food stored as glycogen

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18
Q

What does autotrophic mean?

A

Organisms that synthesis organic molecules from inorganic molecules via photosynthesis.

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19
Q

What does heterotrophic mean?

A

Organisms that acquire nutrients by the ingestion of other organisms.

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20
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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21
Q

How did the Three Domain system group organisms?

A

Using differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells ribosomal RNA
cell membranes lipid structure and sensitivity to antibiotics.

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22
Q

What is the size of a Eukarya ribosome?

A

80s

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23
Q

What is the size of a Bacteria ribosome?

A

70s

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24
Q

What is the size of a Archaea ribosome?

A

70s

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25
Q

How many proteins does Archaea contain in its RNA polymerase?

A

8-10 proteins

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26
Q

How many proteins does Eukarya contain in its RNA polymerase?

A

12 proteins

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27
Q

How many proteins does Bacteria contain in its RNA polymerase?

A

5 proteins

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28
Q

How are the five kingdoms divided into six?

A

Worse proposed the six kingdoms which split Prokaryotae into two groups of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Therefore, the six kingdoms are:
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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29
Q

What is the difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?

A

Archaebacteria is known as ancient bacteria can live in extreme environments (such as anaerobic conditions or thermal hot springs)
Eubacteria is known as true bacteria and is found in all environments

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30
Q

What is Phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms

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31
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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32
Q

How are phylogenetic trees produced?

A

Looking at the similarities and differences in a species physical characteristics and genetic makeup
Fossil evidence

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33
Q

What are the advantages of phylogenetic classification?

A

Used to confirm or change a classification group
Produces a continuous tree while classification requires all organisms to match a fixed group
Does not imply equivalence between trees

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34
Q

What are the sources that provide evidence for evolution?

A

Paleontology
Comparative anatomy
Comparative biochemistry

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35
Q

What is Paleontology?

A

The study of the fossil record

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36
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

The study of the similarities and differences between organisms anatomy

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37
Q

What is comparative biochemistry?

A

The similarities and differences in chemical makeup As DNA mutates, the structure of these molecules change

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38
Q

Why is the fossil record incomplete?

A

Soft bodied organisms decompose quickly and rarely create fossils
Conditions needed for fossilisation are not often present
Fossils are destroyed by geological action
Many fossils are still yet to be discovered

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39
Q

How are fossils created?

A

Fossils are formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks. Over a period of time, sediment deposits, building up to form layers known as strata which represent different geological eras.

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40
Q

What is evidence is provided by the fossil record?

A

Supports the evolutionary theory that simple life forms gradually evolved over time to form more complex organisms.
The sequence the organism are identified matches the ecological links to each other.
Similarities in the anatomy of fossil organisms can show scientists how organisms have evolved from a common ancestor
Links between extinct and living organisms can be investigated

41
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

A structure that appears superficially different (and may perform different functions) in different organisms but has the same underlying structure.

42
Q

What does a homologous structure provide evidence for?

A

Divergent evolution

43
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

This is where a new species arises from a common ancestor, with different adaptive features often due to selective pressures.

44
Q

How has comparative biochemistry provided evidence for evolution?

A

Slight changes that occur in these molecules can identify evolutionary links.

45
Q

How do scientists use comparative biochemistry to find evolutionary links?

A

The molecular sequence of a particular molecule is compared- the order of DNA bases or the order of amino acids in a protein.
Species that have more similar DNA and proteins are more closely related.

46
Q

What is neutral evolution?

A

Most of the variability in the structure of a molecule does not affect its function, this is because the variation occurs outside the molecules functional regions. Therefore, the changes are ‘neutral’ and are not affected by natural selection.
This means that neutral substitutions can accumulate at a regular rate.

47
Q

What can neutral base pair substitutions be used to calculate?

A

The number of differences that exist are plotted against the rate that the molecule undergoes neutral base pair substitution to estimate the time since the two species shared a common ancestor.

48
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences in characteristics between organisms

49
Q

What are the types of variation?

A

Interspecific variation
Intraspecific variation

50
Q

What is Interspecific variation?

A

Variation in the characteristics between different organisms

51
Q

What is Intraspecific variation?

A

Differences in the characteristics between organisms of the same species

52
Q

What are the two factors that affect variation?

A

Environmental variation
Genetic variation

53
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Variation caused by the inheritance of different genetic material from parents

54
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

Variation caused by the different effects of the environment

55
Q

What are the genetic causes of variation?

A

Alleles
Mutations
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
Chance

56
Q

How do alleles cause variation?

A

Alleles are different forms of the same gene, therefore a gene that determines a particular characteristic will have different alleles that produce different effects.

57
Q

How do mutations cause variation?

A

Mutations cause changes to the DNA base sequence which leads to change in the proteins which are coded for.
This can occur in Somantic cells to impact the individual or in gametes so the mutation is passed onto the offspring.

58
Q

How does meiosis introduce variation?

A

The genetic material inherited from the two parents is ‘mixed up’ by independent assortment and crossing over.

59
Q

How does sexual reproduction cause variation?

A

The offspring produced inherits genes (alleles) from each parent.

60
Q

How does chance cause variation?

A

During sexual reproduction, it is the result of chance as to which two gametes combine- random fertilisation.

61
Q

What organisms is most impacted by the environment which they inhabit?

A

Plants because they are immobile.

62
Q

What is an example of environmental variation in humans?

A

Scars, piercings and tattoos

63
Q

How is variation caused by genetics and the environment?

A

Skin colour is an example which is influenced by genetics and the environment. This is because at birth genetic determines how much melanin your skin will naturally have, however as your skin is exposed to sunlight, more melanin is produced to protect your skin from the UV rays.

64
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Variation that fits into clear categories with no or few immediate forms

65
Q

How is discontinuous variation controlled?

A

Discontinuous variation is determined by genetic factors, it can be controlled by a single gene or small number of genes.

66
Q

What is an example of discontinuous variation in plants?

A

Flower colour
Seed colour
Seed shape
Pod shape
Pod colour

67
Q

What is an example of discontinuous variation in microorganisms?

A

Shape of cells
Flagellum
Gram positive/ negative

68
Q

What is an example of discontinuous variation in animals?

A

Sex
Blood group

69
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Variation that shows a graduation in values

70
Q

How is continuous variation controlled?

A

Continuous variation is controlled by a number of genes which are often influenced by environmental factors.

71
Q

What is an example of continuous variation in an animal?

A

Height
Weight
Intelligence

72
Q

What is an example of continuous variation in plants?

A

Stem length
Leaf width

73
Q

How is discontinuous variation normally represented?

A

Bar chart or pie chart

74
Q

How is continuous variation normally represented?

A

Data of continuous variation is collected in a frequency table and then plotted onto a histogram.

75
Q

What is normal distribution?

A

A distribution of continuous data where the mean, median and mode all have the same values, there is symmetry around the mean with most data point being close to the mean and fewer data points being further away from the mean.

76
Q

What does a normal distribution of data create?

A

Bell-shaped curve or normal distribution curve.

77
Q

What is the normal distribution of standard deviation?

A

68% of values are within one standard deviation of the mean
95% of values are within two standard deviations of the mean
99.7% of values are within three standard deviation of the mean

78
Q

What are adaptions?

A

Characteristics which increase an organisms chance of survival

79
Q

What are the three types of adaptation?

A

Anatomical
Behavioural
Physiological

80
Q

What are anatomical adaptions?

A

Physical features internally and externally

81
Q

What are behavioural adaptions?

A

Behaviours inherited from parents or learnt

82
Q

What are physiological adaptions?

A

How the internal body systems function

83
Q

What are some animal anatomical adaptions?

A

Camouflage
Body coverings- skin, fur, spines, feathers, scales
Teeth shape or type
Mimicry

84
Q

What is mimicry?

A

The copying of appearance or sounds of a dangerous or poisonous organism

85
Q

Explain the adaptions of Marram Grass

A

Marram Grass is a Xerophyte therefore it is adapted to live in an environment with little water.
It has anatomical adaptions to help reduce the rate of transpiration:
Curled leaves - reduce surface area of moist tissue exposed to the air
Hairs on the inner surface of leaves- trap moist air and reduce the diffusion gradient
Stomata sunk into pits- less likely to open and close
Thick waxy cuticle - rescues evaporation

86
Q

What are the types of behavioural adaptions?

A

Survival behaviours- eg “freeze” response, ‘Playing dead’ or feigning injury
Courtship behaviours to attract mates
Seasonal behaviours- allow changes in the environment to be survives such as migration and hibernation

87
Q

What are innate behaviours?

A

A behaviour which is fixed and inherited through genes

88
Q

What are learnt behaviours?

A

Behaviours learnt from experience or whilst observing other animals

89
Q

What is an example of an innate behaviour?

A

Web building or nest building

90
Q

What is an example of a learnt behaviour?

A

Animals that make their own tools to obtain food

91
Q

What are example of physiological adaptions?

A

Poison production- reptiles who produce venom or plant that produce poison
Antibiotic production
Water storage- holding large amounts of water in the body in areas where water is scarce.

92
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Structures which are adapted to perform the same function but have different genetic origins.

93
Q

How are analogous structures formed?

A

Analogous structures arise by convergent evolution

94
Q

What are selective pressures?

A

Factors that affect an organisms chances of survival or success to reproduce.

95
Q

What is the process of natural selection?

A

Organisms show variation within a species caused by the differences in their genes.
Organisms who demonstrate characteristics best adapted to their selective pressures have an increased chance of survival and reproducing successfully.
Successful organisms pass the allele encoding the advantageous adaption onto their offspring.
Over time, there is a grater proportion of organisms with the advantageous adaption, increasing the frequency of these alleles in the gene pool.
Leading to the evolution of a species over a vast period of time.

96
Q

How have antibiotic resistant bacteria evolved?

A

The MRSA bacteria developed a resistance to the antibiotic via a mutation to its DNA. Therefore, when it was exposed to this antibiotic resistant individuals began to survive and reproduce, passing the allele onto its offspring. Over time, this increased the number of resistant individuals within the population.

97
Q

What is differential survival?

A

Organisms that are best adapted are more likely to survive

98
Q

What is differential reproduction?

A

Advantageous alleles are more likely to be passed on, increasing the population of these alleles in the gene pool

99
Q

What is Convergent evolution?

A

This is where an unrelated species begins to share similar traits due to the organism living in similar environments or being subjected to similar selective pressures.

Biology Module 4 Biodiversity, Evolution And Disease (5 decks)

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