Chapter 1 Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Integrated set of regulated processes that include pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange in the lungs and tissues, transport of gases by blood, assist with regulating blood pH, and contains receptors for the sense of smell
A
Respiratory System
2
Q
Respiratory System additional functions
A
- Filters inspired air
- Produce sounds
- Excrete small amounts of water and heat during exhalation
3
Q
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and blood
A
External respiration
4
Q
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells
A
Internal Respiration
5
Q
Body system that regulates breathing rates
A
Nervous system
6
Q
Two parts of the respiratory system
A
Upper
Lower
7
Q
Nose, Pharynx, and associated structures
A
Upper Respiratory System
8
Q
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
A
Lower Respiratory System
9
Q
Two parts of the respiratory system based on FUNCTION
A
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
10
Q
Consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles that conduct air into the lungs
A
Conducting Zone
11
Q
Consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs-the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
A
Respiratory zone
12
Q
Consist of bone and cartilage covered with skin and lined with mucous membrane, it has two openings called external nares or nostrils
A
External nose
13
Q
Connects to the throat through two openings called the internal nares
A
Internal nose
14
Q
Air circulates and provides resonance, warms and humidifies before going down to the lungs
A
Paranasal sinuses
15
Q
Four groups of paranasal sinuses
A
Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoid
Ethmoidal
16
Q
Largest paranasal sinus
A
Maxillary
17
Q
Space inside the internal nose, lies below the cranium and above the oral pharynx
A
Nasal cavity
18
Q
Ducts that connect to the internal nose
A
Nasolacrimal ducts
19
Q
Vertical partition, divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides
A
Nasal septum
20
Q
The nasal septum consists of the following structures:
A
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Vomer
Cartilage
21
Q
Basic functions of the nose
A
- Filtering, warming, and moistening incoming air
- Detecting olfactory (smell) stimuli
- Modifying the vibrations of speech sounds
22
Q
What cells line the nasal cavity?
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
23
Q
Mucus secreted by what cells, moistens the air and traps dust particles?
A
Goblet Cells
24
Q
What moves the dust-laden mucus toward the pharynx, at which point it can be swallowed or spit out
A
Cilia
25
Funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends partway down the neck
Pharynx (or throat)
26
Anterior to cervical vertebrae
Composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane
Passageway for air and food
Pharynx
27
Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils
Pharynx
28
1. Posterior wall contains the pharyngeal tonsil
2. Exchanges air with the nasal cavities and receives mucus-dust packages
3. Exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory tubes to equalize pressure
Nasopharynx
29
Middle part of the pharynx
Oropharynx
30
Upper part of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
31
Opens into the mouth and nasopharynx
Two pairs of tonsils (palatine and lingual)
Oropharynx
32
Connects with both the esophagus and the larynx
Laryngopharynx
33
Voice box
Larynx
34
Short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane that connects the pharynx with the trachea
It lies in the midline of the neck anterior, C4-C6
Larynx
35
1) Thyroid cartilage
2) Epiglottis
3) Cricoid cartilage
4) Arytenoid cartilages
5) Vocal cords
Part of the Larynx
36
Consists of hyaline cartilage, forms the anterior wall of the larynx
"Adam's Apple"
Thyroid cartilage
37
Leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium
Epiglottis
38
The "stem" of the epiglottis is attached to:
The anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
39
When anything but air passes into the larynx, what reflex occurs?
Cough reflex
40
Ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx and is attached to the first tracheal cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
41
Part cartilage consisting mostly of hyaline cartilage
a) Located above the cricoid cartilage
b) Attach to the true vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles
c) Function in voice production
Arytenoid cartilage
42
Larynx vestibular folds
False vocal cords
43
Holds the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity when you strain to lift a heavy object
Does not produce sound
False vocal cords (vestibular folds): Upper pair
44
Produce sounds during speaking and singing
Contain elastic ligaments stretched between pieces of rigid cartilage like the string on a guitar
True vocal cords (vocal folds): Lower pair
45
What causes vocal cords to become thicker and louder in males?
Male sex hormones
46
Windpipe, tubular passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus
Trachea
47
Extends from the larynx to the upper part of the fifth thoracic vertebra
Divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of T-5
Trachea
48
Trachea mucous membrane is compose of:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium:
Consisting of ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells
49
Secondary bronchi
Bronchi entering each lobe
50
Bronchi divided further after the secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
51
Does not contain cartilage and are further reduced in size to form smaller branches called terminal bronchioles which are the smallest branches of the bronchial tree
Bronchioles
52
Cilia in the upper respiratory tract move mucus and trapped particles:
Down toward the pharynx
53
Cilia in the lower respiratory tract moves mucus and trapped particles:
Up toward the pharynx
54
How many C-shaped cartilage rings are in the trachea?
16 to 20
55
The open part of each C-shaped cartilage ring faces what body part?
Esophagus
56
Smallest branches of the bronchial tree
Terminal bronchioles
57
Two spongy, cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity
Lungs
58
Double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung
Pleural membrane
59
Outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm
Parietal pleura
60
Inner layer that is attached to the lungs
Visceral pleura
61
Narrow space located between the viscera and parietal pleura which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes
Pleural cavity
62
Broad bottom portion of each lung, surface against the diaphragm
Base
63
Upper end located just above the clavicle extends roughly 4 cm above the first rib into the base of the neck
Apex
64
An indentation of the left lung where the heart lies
Cardiac notch
65
How much smaller is the left lung compared to the right lung?
10%
66
Deep grooves which divides the lung into the lobes
Fissures
67
What fissures are in the right lung?
Oblique and Horizontal fissures
68
What fissures are in the left lung?
Oblique only
69
Each lung lobe contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule and a branch from a terminal bronchiole wrapped in elastic connective tissue
Lobule
70
Subdivisions of lobules are microscopic branches of terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
71
What lines the the respiratory bronchioles?
Non-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium
72
Subdivisions of respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
73
Two or more alveoli that share a common opening to the alveolar duct
Alveolar sacs
74
Cup-shaped outpouching of an alveolar sac
Alveoli
75
Walls of alveoli consist mainly of what type of cell?
Thin alveolar cells (simple squamous epithelial cells)
76
Main sites of gas exchange
Alveoli
77
Cells that secrete alveolar fluid which keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist
Surfactant cells
78
A mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse
Surfactant
79
The flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs, occurs due to differences in air pressure
Pulmonary ventilation
80
What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?
Contracts and becomes flatter after receiving nerve impulses from the phrenic nerves
81
Contractions of the diaphragm is responsible for what percent of air that enters the lungs?
75%
82
Factors that can impede descent of the diaphragm and may cause shortness of breath
Advanced pregnancy
Obesity
Confining clothing
Increased size of stomach after eating a large meal
83
During inhalation, external intercostal muscles contract causing the ribs to move:
Upward and outward
84
What muscles elevate the sternum during deep labored breathing?
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
85
What muscles elevate the two uppermost ribs during labored breathing?
Scalene muscles
86
What muscles elevate the third through fifth ribs during labored breathing?
Pectoralis minor muscles
87
Exhalation occurs due to what?
Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs
88
What prevents alveoli from not completely collapsing during exhalation?
Due to recoil effect and the presence of surfactant
89
What is a passive process and involves no muscular contractions?
Quiet exhalation
90
When does exhalation become active?
Forceful breathing (exercising or playing a wind instrument)
91
What muscles are involved during forceful exhalation?
Internal intercostal
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis
92
Lung expansion causes air molecules within the lungs to occupy a larger volume which causes air pressure inside to:
Decrease
93
When lung volume decreases, alveolar pressure:
Increases
94
At rest just before inhalation, the air pressure inside the lungs is the same as the pressure of the atmosphere at:
760 mmHg (at sea level)
95
During inspiration the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract increasing the thoracic cavity size. The volume of the lungs increases, and the pressure inside decreases from 760 mmHg to:
758 mmHg
96
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, recoil causes lung volume to decrease. Alveolar pressure rises from 758 mmHg to:
762 mmHg
97
Healthy adults at rest have how many breathes per minute?
12
98
Amount of air moved from in and out of the lungs
500 mL
99
The volume of one breath
Tidal volume
100
Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute
Minute Ventilation (MV)
101
What percentage of tidal volume actually reaches the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs?
70% or 350 mL
102
What percentage of tidal volume does not participate in gas exchange?
Known as dead space.
This includes bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
30% or 150 mL
103
Instrument used to measure respiratory rate and the amount of air inhaled and exhaled when breathing.
Spirometer
104
Inhalation on a spirometer is recorded as:
Upward deflection
105
Exhalation on a spirometer is recorded as:
Downward deflection
106
The record produced from a spirometer is called a:
Spirogram
107
The additional air that is inhaled beyond the normal 500mL tidal volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
108
Inspiratory reserve volume in males
3100 mL
109
Inspiratory Reserve Volume in females
1900 mL
110
The additional air expired after a normal inhalation
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
111
Expiratory Reserve Volume in males
1200 mL
112
Expiratory Reserve Volume in females
700 mL
113
The volume of air that remains even after expiratory reserve is expelled
Residual Volume (RV)
114
Residual volume in males
1200 mL
115
Residual Volume in females
1100 mL
116
The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
117
Inspiratory capacity in males
3600 mL
118
Inspiratory capacity in females
2400 mL
119
The sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
120
Functional Residual Capacity in males
2400 mL
121
Functional Residual Capacity in females
1800 mL
122
The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Vital Capacity (VC)
123
Vital Capacity in males
4800 mL
124
Vital Capacity in females
3100 mL
125
The sum of vital capacity and residual volume
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
126
Total lung capacity in males
6000 mL
127
Total Lung Capacity in females
4200 mL
128
Normal pattern of quiet breathing
Eupnea
129
An upward and outward movement of the chest
Costal breathing (shallow)
130
Outward breathing, movement of the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic breathing (Deep)
131
Provides humans with various expressions of emotion, or may remove a foreign body and facilitate talking and singing
Respirations
132
A long-drawn deep inhalation followed by a strong exhalation, sends a blast of air through upper respiratory passages. Reflex to expel a foreign body.
Coughing
133
Spasmodic contraction of muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and usually from an irritation of nasal mucosa
Sneezing
134
A long-drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation
Sighing
135
A deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth, producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible. Exact cause unknown (fatigue, drowsiness or seeing someone else do it)
Yawning
136
A series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single long exhalation
Sobbing
137
An inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations, vocal cords vibrate, characteristic facial expression
Crying
138
Same as crying by different facial expressions
Laughing
139
Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the larynx. Produces a sharp sound of inhalation. Stimulus is usually irritation of the GI tract.
Hiccupping
140
"P"
Partial Pressure
141
Sum of partial pressures of the gases
Air pressure
142
Partial pressure of nitrogen
597.4 mmHg
143
Partial pressure of oxygen
158.8 mmHg
144
Partial pressure of water vapor
3.0 mmHg
145
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
0.3 mmHg
146
Partial pressure of "other" gases in the air
0.5 mmHg
147
Gases diffuse from areas where it's partial pressure is higher to areas where it's partial pressure is:
Lower in the body
148
Pulmonary gas exchange
External respiration
149
Diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in the pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction. Occurs only in the lungs.
External Respiration
150
Partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air at rest
105 mmHg
151
Partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries
40 mmHg
152
Blood returning to the heart via the pulmonary veins has a partial pressure of:
100 mmHg
153
Partial pressure of CO2 in deoxygenated blood
45 mmHg
154
Partial pressure of CO2 in alveolar air
40 mmHg
155
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue throughout the body
Internal Respiration (Systemic Gas Exchange)
156
Partial pressure of O2 in blood of systemic capillaries is higher (100 mmHg) than in tissue cells (40 mmHg) because:
Cell's use O2 to produce ATP
157
Tissue cells constantly produce:
CO2
158
Partial pressure of CO2 in cells
45 mmHg
159
Partial pressure of CO2 in capillaries
40 mmHg
160
Percentage of oxygen in blood plasma
1.5%
161
Percentage of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in RBC's
98.5%
162
Heme in hemoglobin contains how many iron ions?
Each binds a molecule of O2
Four
163
When blood partial pressure of O2 is lower, hemoglobin:
Releases O2
164
Hemoglobin binds with large amounts of O2 and is fully saturated when:
Blood partial pressure of oxygen is high
165
As temperature increases, so does the amount of ____ released from hemoglobin
O2
166
In an acidic environment, hemoglobin releases more _____.
O2
167
Carbon dioxide transported in blood in three main forms:
1) Dissolved CO2 (7%)
2) Bound to amino acids (23%)
3) Bicarbonate ions (70%)
168
The area from which nerve impulses are sent to the respiratory muscles to control respiratory rate. Located in the Pons and Medulla Oblongata.
Respiratory center
169
Controls the basic rhythm of respiration
Medullary Respiratory Center
170
Generates nerve impulses for forceful exhalation. Remain inactive during quiet breathing.
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
171
Neurons of this area supply nerve impulses for forceful exhalation
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
172
Active during inhalation and exhalation. Transmit nerve impulses to the DRG in the medulla. Plays a role in both inhalation and exhalation by modifying the rhythm of breathing generated by the VRG as when exercising, speaking, or sleeping.
Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)
173
Allows us to hold our breath voluntarily
Cerebral cortex
174
Allows emotional stimuli to alter respirations, i.e. Laughing or crying
Hypothalamus and limbic system
175
Chemoreceptors located in the medulla
Central Chemoreceptors
176
Chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch and common carotids
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
177
What levels of partial pressure O2 are chemoreceptors strongly stimulated?
50 mmHg (100 mmHg is normal)
178
Increases rate and depth of respiration due to anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety
Limbic system stimulation
179
Increase in rate and depth of respiration due to input from proprioceptors as a result of joint and muscle movement. These proprioceptors stimulate and inspiratory area of the medulla.
Respiration increases even before changes in PCO2, PO2, or H+ occur.
Proprioceptor stimulation of respiration
180
Prolonged somatic pain _______ respirations
Increases
181
Visceral pain may ______ respirations
Decrease
182
Stimulation by stretch receptors in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, the inspiratory area is inhibited prevents over inflation
The inflation reflex
183
Aging and the respiratory system causes
Lungs lose elasticity
Alveoli and the chest wall become rigid
184
By age 70 decreased vital capacity can reach up to:
35%
