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Pharma 321 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The science that deals with drugs ,their origin,composition ,pharmacokinetics,therapeutic use

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

Aspects of pharmacology

A

1-pharmacokinetic
2-pharmacodynamic
3-pharmacothrputics

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3
Q

What the drug do to your body

A

Pharmacodynamic

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4
Q

What the body dose to the drug

A

Pharmacokinetic

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5
Q

What is the dosage form?

A

Solid,liquid,gas or both and the vehicle that deliver the drug

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6
Q

A vehicle is

A

Substance into which drug is compound for delivery

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7
Q

Types of dosage form :

A

1-solid:tablets ,capsules,powder,troches

2-semi-solid:gel,paste,creams,suppositories
3-liquids: solutions,syrup ,emulsion,suspension
4-gas:inhalers,aeroslos

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8
Q

Type of tablets:

A

1-sugar coated tablets
2-film coated tablets
3-multi coated tablets
4-effervescent tablets
5-Enteric-coated

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9
Q

Capsules are made of:

A

1-calcium alginate
2-gelatin
3-methyl cellouse

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10
Q

Homogenous mixture

A

Solution

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11
Q

Two immiscible liquid

A

Emulsion

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12
Q

Maintain uniformity

A

Suspension

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13
Q

Dissolution is

A

Solid substance solubilise in a solvent

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14
Q

Mass transfer from solid to liquid phase

A

Dissolution

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15
Q

Drug absorption is influenced by

A

Dissolution

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16
Q

Beginning of the pharmacokinetic process

A

Dissolution

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17
Q

Absorption is :

A

Transfer of drug from site of administration to general circulation

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18
Q

How dose the drug moves to the general circulation

A

1-passive diffusion
2-active transport

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19
Q

Carrier mediated process

A

1-active transport
2-facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

Example of passive diffusion

A

Water,water soluble,lipids,(glycerol ,urea)
From high to low concentrations

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21
Q

Mineral,sugar,amino acids

A

Active transport

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22
Q

Dose glucose under go passive diffusion

A

No

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23
Q

The fraction of the administration dose that reaches systemic circulation as parent drug

A

Bioavailability

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24
Q

Bioavailability determines dose required by different route of administration

A

True

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25
Q

What effect dose absorption ?

A

1-acid-base property
2-blood flow
3-contact time at absorption site
4-surface area available

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26
Q

Non polar
Lipophilic
Cross membrane better

A

Non ionised

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27
Q

Give two examples of large surfaces area of absorption

A

1-pulmonary alveoli
2-ridges of GI

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28
Q

Reversible association of drugs and plasma proteins

A

Plasma protein binding

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29
Q

Drug reservoir

A

Protein bound -drug

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30
Q

Example of plasma protein

A

Albumin and globulin

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31
Q

Active form of drugs are

A

Free drugs

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32
Q

Bound drugs are

A

Inactive drugs

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33
Q

Transfer of drugs to different organs

A

Distribution

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34
Q

Factors effect distribution

A

1-blood flow
2-capillaries permeability
3-drug -binding to plasma

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35
Q

Fast distribution

A

One compartment model

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36
Q

Has a barrier to water soluble compounds but permeable to lipid soluble

A

Central nervous system

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37
Q

Class one drugs have

A

Few free drugs

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38
Q

Class two drugs have

A

High free drugs

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39
Q

Displacement of class one drug happens when

A

Class two drug is administered

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40
Q

Removal of drugs from the body

A

Elimination

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41
Q

Elimination involves

A

1-metabolisation
2-excretion

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42
Q

Bio transformation is

A

Metabolism

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43
Q

Biochemical conversion of drugs into another form of where it may be active or inactive

A

Metabolism

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44
Q

Happens in kidney,intestines,plasma,lungs

A

Metabolism

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45
Q

Prodrug is:

A

Inert precursor to an active drug

46
Q

Deamination is part of phase one reaction

A

True

47
Q

Acetic acid are part of phase

A

Two reactions

48
Q

Factors effect metabolism:

A

1-age
2-enzymes inhibit/activate
3-diseases
4-genetic
5-first past effect

49
Q

Drug absorption from GI tract and pass through portal vein into the liver

A

First pass effect

50
Q

Give examples of drugs that go through first pass effect

A

Lignocaine and glyceryl trintrate GTN

51
Q

We can use sublingual route to avoid first pass effect

A

True

52
Q

Give example of major routes of elimination

A

Number one renal route
Number two pulmonary Route
number three biliary /gastrointestinal route
number four skin number
five breast milk

53
Q

Tubular reabsorption is a passive process

A

True

54
Q

Give examples of cellular components

A

Receptors, enzymes, ion channels transporters

55
Q

Catalyse

A

Enzymes increasing the body response

56
Q

The interaction of drugs with cellular proteins such as receptors or enzyme to control changes in physiological function of a particular organs

A

Pharmacodynamics

57
Q

Types of pharmacological actions

A

Enzyme inhabitation or activation such as NSIDs inhibit COX enzymes
Receptors and chemical interactions such as antacids

58
Q

Give example of enzyme inhibition or activation

A

NSAIDs and COX

59
Q

The drug allows to

A

Replace substance for missing chemicals such as when the body does not produce enough insulin

interfere with function of foreign cells such as antigens for virus and cancer cells
increasing or stimulating cellular activity depressing
or slowing cellular activity such as during headache or hyperthyroidism

60
Q

Protein molecule embedded within the cell membrane

A

Receptors

61
Q

Part of its structure facing outside the cell

A

Receptors

62
Q

Binds to drugs chemical agents to produce a respond

A

Receptors

63
Q

Beta blocker such as atenol have specificity and selectactivity

A

True

64
Q

Selectivity can be lost when higher dose drug is used

A

True

65
Q

Drug molecules locking into a receptor side to form a

A

Drug -receptor complex

66
Q

How drug strongly bind to receptor

A

Affinity

67
Q

Compound binding to a receptor are two types

A

Agonist and antagonist

68
Q

Will enhance cellular activity

A

Agonist

69
Q

Two types of antagonist

A

Competitive and non-competitive

70
Q

Two types of antagonist

A

Competitive and non-competitive

71
Q

Bind to receptor to produce a positive biological response

A

Partial agonist and full agonist

72
Q

Bind to receptor to produce a positive biological response

A

Partial agonist and full agonist

73
Q

Drugs that decrease or oppose the action of other drugs

A

Competitive and non-competitive drugs

74
Q

Interfere with active site of enzyme so substrate cannot bind

A

Competitive antagonist

75
Q

Changes shape of enzyme so it cannot bind into substrate

A

Non-competitive inhibitors

76
Q

The ability of drug to produce a maximum therapeutic response as a result of receptor binding

A

Efficacy

77
Q

A drug with 100% efficacy

A

Full agonist

78
Q

The amount of drug required to produce a defined biological effect

A

Potency

79
Q

Quantitive measure of the dose of the drug and the effect produced

A

Potency

80
Q

Four half lives after stopping drug plasma concentration will have fallen by

A

94%

81
Q

Half life is

A

The time needed for plasma drug concentration to decrease into half

82
Q

Measure of the safety of the drug

A

Therapeutic index

83
Q

A large therapeutic index indicate safer drug

A

True

84
Q

For a drug to have therapeutic effect, it need to have more than minimum effective concentration

A

True

85
Q

What are the pharmacological effects of a drug?

A

Therapeutic effects and adverse effect

86
Q

Side effects depend on

A

Drug type body response dose dependent

87
Q

Side effects depend on

A

Drug type body response dose dependent

88
Q

Example of a non- dose dependent adverse effect

A

Allergy

89
Q

Withdrawal effect or adverse effect of a drug

A

True

90
Q

Types of adverse reaction

A

Short term adverse reaction and long-term adverse reaction

91
Q

Types of adverse reaction

A

Short term adverse reaction and long-term adverse reaction

92
Q

Hypoglycaemic coma is a short term adverse reaction

A

True

93
Q

Antihistamines causes dry mouth

A

True

94
Q

What does anti-hypertensive drug do?

A

They can cause hyportension

95
Q

What are the long-term adverse reaction types?

A

Carcinogenesis and relation to reproduction

96
Q

What are the adverse effect related to reproduction?

A

Impaired fertility by cytotoxin drugs
-Tratogenesis thalidomide
Drugs in breast milk reaching infants

97
Q

State the factors that modify the drug

A

Physiological factors
Drug factors
The combined effect of the drugs
Pathophysiological factors
Genetic factors
Patient compliance
The diet

98
Q

What is optimal drug dose?

A

Prescribing drug according to the patient personal need

99
Q

Repeated those is considered part of

A

Drug factors

100
Q

Plasma concentration is

A

The amount of the drug in the blood it determines how the drug works and the side effect

101
Q

Progressive increase respond to repeated those that occur if the rate of the drug administration exceeded the rate of exertion

A

Comulative effect

102
Q

Narcotics are example of

A

Tolerance

103
Q

Example of parental route

A

Iv, Im,SC

104
Q

Fast absorption route of administration drug

A

Syrup

105
Q

Anti-cholinergics are example of

A

Changes in motality

106
Q

Decrease the absorption in the presence of H2 receptor antagonist

A

Ketoconazole

107
Q

Example of enzyme inducers

A

Alcohol phenytoin

108
Q

Cimetidine

A

Enzyme inhibitor found in grapefruit

109
Q

Example of synergism

A

Pencillin G and amino glucoside

110
Q

Form a stable salt with lose of anticoagulant activity

A

Heparin and protamine sulfate

111
Q

Calcium chelate Tetracycline is a

A

Dairy products that reduce anti microbial absorption

Pharma 321 (2 decks)

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