chap two: bonds, water, and carbon

Question 1

chemical bond

Answer 1

interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that result in forming molecules

Question 2

molecule

Answer 2

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

Question 3

covalent bond

Answer 3

a strong bond between two atoms of the same or different element; interacting by two atoms share electrons (e^-)
polar: unequal and more electronegativity
non-polar: equal

Question 4

electronegativity

Answer 4

attractiveness of electrons

Question 5

compound

Answer 5

a substance made up of molecules of atoms consisting of different elements

Question 6

ionic bond

Answer 6

a (weak) chemical bond between ions with opposite charges
cation: + charge, gives up an electron
anion: - charge, accepts an electron

Question 7

hydrogen bond

Answer 7

a (weak) bond between slightly + charged hydrogen atoms and slightly - charged atoms in other molecules

Question 8

why is one atom more electronegative than another

Answer 8

the closer to full an atom is of their valance electrons the more electronegative

Question 9

what bonds form when an atom has an unfilled valance shell and electron transfer occurs

Answer 9

ionic bonds

Question 10

what is the anion in table salt

Answer 10

chloride

Question 11

what causes hydrogen bonds to have a slight + charge

Answer 11

polarity

Question 12

what characteristics of water makes it unique and vital to life

Answer 12

waters polarity, bonding, high heat capacity, heat of vaporation, ability to dissolve polar molecules, cohesive/adhesive properties, dissociation into ions

Question 13

how do polar bonds dissolve in water

Answer 13

the water surrounds the bonds and creates a hydration shell

Question 14

hydrocarbons

Answer 14

the simplest organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen; can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy; non-polar, hydrophobic

Question 15

isomer

Answer 15

compounds with the same amount and type of atoms, but different structures and therefore different properties (structural differences in the covalent arrangement of their atoms)

Question 16

cis-trans (geometric isomers)

Answer 16

differ in spatial arrangements around double bonds:
cis- same side
trans- opposite sides

Question 17

enantiomers

Answer 17

isomers that are mirror images of each other

Question 18

seven biomolecular function groups

Answer 18

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl

Question 19

hydroxyl formula

Answer 19

-OH; polar, water loving; e.g. alcohols

Question 20

carbonyl

Answer 20

carbon and oxygen attached by a double covalent bond

Question 21

carbonyl: keynotes

Answer 21

double bonded oxygen and carbon, where carbon is bonded to any two other elements

Question 22

carbonyl: aldehyde

Answer 22

double bonded oxygen and carbon, where carbon is bonded to a hydrogen and one other element

Question 23

carboxyl

Answer 23

a double bonded oxygen and carbon where the carbon is single bonded to a hydroxyl group, typically act like acids

Question 24

-

Answer 24

-

Question 25

-

Answer 25

-

Question 26

amino

Answer 26

nitrogen bonded to a carbon and two or three hydrogens, only group with a nitrogen, act like bases

Question 27

non-ionized amino

Answer 27

nitrogen single bonded to two hydrogens and one other element

Question 28

ionized amino

Answer 28

nitrogen single bonded to three hydrogens and one other element, positively charged

Question 29

-

Answer 29

-

Question 30

sulfhydryl

Answer 30

a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom -SH

Question 31

phosphate

Answer 31

(-OPO3^2-); when attached, phosphate groups confer on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy

Question 32

methyl

Answer 32

-CH3 or -CH2; affects the expression of diff genes; affects the shape and function of sex hormones; compound name: methylated compound

Question 33

what two biomolecular functional groups can be found in amino acids

Answer 33

carboxyl and amino

Question 34

testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. in what ways do these molecules differ from each other

Answer 34

different structural formulas, different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton

Question 35

four organic molecules

Answer 35

nucleic acids, carbs, proteins, lipids

Question 36

macromolecules + the three macromolecules

Answer 36

are made up of small subunits sometimes called monomers; carbs, proteins, nucleic acids (DIFFERENT then macroNUTRIENTS)

Question 37

monomer

Answer 37

smaller molecules that serve as building blocks of a polymer

Question 38

polymer

Answer 38

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, an interchangeable word for macromolecule

Question 39

what are the benefits of polymer’s molecular design

Answer 39

strength due to covalent bonds, diversity leads to easily altering structure, similarity among organisms = adaptation and interdependency among species

Question 40

dehydration reactions

Answer 40

build polymers from monomers by removing H2O and covalently bonding monomers, requires energy, highly regulated: build when needed not because you have the materials at hand