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A&P II > ch.25 > Flashcards

ch.25 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during the absorptive state?

A

The liver forms glycogen

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2
Q

What does the citric acid cycle begin with?

A

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid

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3
Q

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called what?

A

metabolism

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4
Q

Name what happens in glycolysis.

A
  1. glucose —> 2 pyruvic acid
  2. 4 ATP is produced
  3. 2 ATP consumed
  4. hydrogen atoms removed
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5
Q

What happens in the post-absorptive state?

A

The body relies on internal energy reserves to continue meeting energy demands.

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6
Q

Reaction within _______ provides most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

What needs to be present in glycolysis?

A
  1. glucose
  2. ATP
  3. NAD
  4. ADP
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8
Q

What can ATP be used for?

A
  1. muscle contraction
  2. ion transport
  3. protein synthesis
  4. glycogen synthesis
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9
Q

What happens during starvation?

A

muscle proteins are used as an energy source

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10
Q

In glycolysis creates net yield of how many ATP?

A

2

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11
Q

What happens during lipolysis?

A

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

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12
Q

What are the lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract into the blood stream?

A

chylomicrons

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13
Q

What is high density lipoproteins?

A

they carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

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14
Q

What nutrient yields the most energy per gram when metabolized?

A

Fats

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15
Q

What vitamin is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention?

A

Vitamin D

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16
Q

Oxygen is necessary in what cycles?

A

the citric acid cycle and Electron transport train

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17
Q

What vitamin is essential for the production of several clotting factors?

A

Vitamin K

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18
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaks down complex molecules
ex. proteins into amino acids

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19
Q

What is anabolism?

A

combining simple molecules to make complex ones
ex. amino acids into hemoglobin

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20
Q

Catabolism + anabolism = ?

A

metabolism

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21
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy currency
ADP + P + energy <—> ATP (tri-phosphate)

22
Q

What do GluT transporters do?

A

allow glucose entry into the cell (through insulin) which is then trapped and then combined with a phosphate (phosphorylated)

23
Q

Name the four steps of Glucose Catabolism

A
  1. Anaerobic respiration (no oxygen)
  2. Formation of acetyl coenzyme A
  3. Kreb cycle reactions
  4. Electron transport chain reactions ( Aerobic respiration)
24
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A

Splits 6- carbon glucose ——-> two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

25
Q

How many ATPs is consumed and produced in glycolysis?

A

consume 2
produces 4
net: 2

26
Q

What happens to the pyruvic acid made by glycolysis, is oxygen scarce?

A

reduced to lactic acid
(hepatocytes can convert back)

27
Q

What happens to the pyruvic acid made by glycolysis, is oxygen plentiful?

A

converted to acetyl coenzyme A (aerobic)

28
Q

How many reactions does glycolysis have?

A

10

29
Q

what is the waste product of formation of acetyl coenzyme A?

A

carbon dioxide

30
Q

where does the formation of acetyl coenzyme A occur?

A

cytoplasm

31
Q

Kreb cycle is also called

A

citric acid cycle

32
Q

How many ATPs does the Kreb cycle make

A

1 ATP

33
Q

what is the first step of kreb cycle?

A

CoA with citric acid

34
Q

What does it produce, the kreb cycle?

A

NADH and FADH to the electron transport train

35
Q

what is the purpose of the kreb cycle?

A

Reduce NAD and FAD ( taxi cabs)

36
Q

Where is the electron transport train?

A

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

37
Q

What helps the electron transport train make ATP?

A

ATP synthase

38
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the movement of the hydrogen in and out of the outer membrane ( they want to come back inside)

39
Q

Where is the most ATP made?

A

Electron transport chain (36-38)

40
Q

what happens to metabolism after the postabsorptive state?

A
  1. blood glucose falls
  2. breakdown of liver glycogen, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, using lactic acid or amino acid
  3. oxidation ( breakdown )
41
Q

kilocalorie = calorie?

A

1000

42
Q

what is the major role of a mineral?

A

help regulate enzymatic reactions

43
Q

water-soluble vitamins?

A

b and c

44
Q

fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D, E, K

45
Q

Basal Metabolic rate (BMR)

A

body in resting

46
Q

what happen to blood glucose during postabsorptive state?

A

declines

47
Q

what happens to insulin secretion during the postabsorptive state?

A

declines

48
Q

glucagon levels at the postabsorptive state?

A

increases

49
Q

what does the ANS release during the postabsorptive state?

A

norepinephrine

50
Q

what does the adrenal medulla release during the postabsorptive state?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A&P II (3 decks)

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