Ch 13, Tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanism

Question 1

Relief

Answer 1

Vertical elevation differences across a surface

Question 2

First order of relief:

Answer 2

Continental landmasses:
Portions of crust that reside above or near sea level, including the undersea continental shelves along the coastlines

Ocean basins: portions of the crust that are entirely below sea level

Question 3

2nd Order of relief:

Answer 3

• Intermediate level of landforms
• Mountains, rock ‘shields’, plains, lowlands; mid-ocean ridges, continental slopes, oceanic trenches

Question 4

3rd order:

Answer 4

Local landscapes:

individual mountains, cliffs, valleys, hills, and other landforms of smaller scale

Question 5

Hypsometry, Bathymetry, Hypsometric curve:

Answer 5

Hypsometry: The measurement of land elevation relative to sea level

Bathymetry: The measurement of underwater elevations

Hypsometric curve: Shows
the distribution of surface
area according to elevation
above and depth below sea level

Question 6

Crustal formation:

Answer 6

Tectonic activity + Weathering erosion

Question 7

Uplifted crustal regions:

Answer 7

Residual mountains and stable continental cratons, consisting of inactive remnants of ancient tectonic activity

Tectonic mountains and landforms, produced by active folding, faulting, and crustal movements

Volcanic landforms, formed by the surface accumulation of molten rock from eruptions of subsurface materials

Question 8

Craton:

Answer 8

All continents have a craton (nucleus) consisting of ancient crystalline rock on which the continent “grows” through the addition of crustal fragments and sediments

Question 9

3 types of stress for crustal deformation:

Answer 9

1- tension (stretching)
2- compression (shortening)
3- Shear (twisting or tearing)

Question 10

Stress vs strain

Answer 10

Stress: Any force that
affects an object
(measured as force per
unit area)

Strain: A dimensionless
measure of the amount of
deformation undergone
by an object

Question 11

Folding:
anticline and syncline

Answer 11

Occurs when rocks are deformed as a result of compressional stress and shortening

Anticline: arch-shaped upward fold

Syncline: Downward fold