ch 1-5 Flashcards
glands are derived from
epithelial tissue
cells joined tightly together are characteristic of
epithelial tissue
cells are separated by large extracellular spaces in
connective tissue
blood vessels and nerves are usually located within
connective tissue
most organs are composed of
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
ALL OF THESE
sweat is secreted by exocrine glands. this means that
it is secreted into a duct
which of these statements about homeostasis is TRUE
negative feedback mechanisms act to correct deviations from a normal range within the internal environment
in a negative feedback loop, the effector organ produces changes that are
opposite in direction to the change produced by the initial stimulus
a hormone called parathyroid hormone acts to help raise the blood calcium concentrations. according o the principals of negative feedback, an effective stimulus for the parathyroid hormone secretion would be
fall in blood calcium
which of these consists of dense parallel arrangements of collagen fibers
tendons
the act of breathing raises the blood oxygen level, lowers the blood carbon dioxide level, and raises blood pH. according to the principals of negative feedback, sensors that regulate breathing should respond to
a raise in carbon dioxide concentration
adult stem cells such as those in the bone marrow, brain, or hair follicles can best be describes as _____, whereas embryonic stem cells are described as _____
multipotent, pluripotent
which of these statements about atoms are TRUE
they are electrically neutral
the bond between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule is
a polar covalent bond
which of these is a nonpolar covalent bond
bond between two carbons
solution A has a pH of 2, and solution B has a pH of 10. which of these statements about these solutions is TRUE
Solution A has a higher H+ concentration than B
Solution B is basic
Solution A is acidic
ALL OF THESE
glucose is
a monosaccharide
digestion reactions occur by means of
hydrolysis
carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of
glycogen
lecithin is a
phospholipid
which of these lipids have regulatory roles in the body
steroids
prostaglandins
the tertiary structure of a protein is directly determined by
the primary structure of the protein
the type of bond formed between two molecules of water is a
hydrogen bond
the carbon to nitrogen bond that joins amino acids together is called
a peptide bond
The RNA nucleotide base that pairs with adenine in DNA is
uracil
if four bases in one DNA strand are AGCT the complementary bases in the RNA strand made from this region are
UCGA
according to the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membranse
proteins are free to move within the double layer of the phospholipids
after the DNA molecule has replicated itself, the duplicate strands are called
chromatids
nerve and skeletal muscle cells in the adult, which do not divide, remain in the
G1 phase
the phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell is called
metaphase
the phase of mitosis in which the chromatids separate is called
anaphase
chemical modifications of histone proteins are believed to directly influence
genetic translation
which of these statements about RNA is true
it is made in the nucleus
which of these statements about mRNA is false
its base triplets are called anticodons
the organelle that combines proteins with carbohydrates and packages them within vesicles for secretion is the
golgi complex
the organelle that contains digestive enzymes is
the lysozome
which of these descriptions of rRNA is true
it is single stranded it catalyzes steps in protein synthesis it forms part of the structure a ribosome it is produced in the nucleolus ALL OF THESE
which of these statements about tRNA is true
it is made in the nucleus it is looped back on itself it contains the anticodon there are over 20 different types ALL OF THESE
the step in protein synthesis during which tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA are all active is known as
translation
the anticodons are located in
tRNA
alternative splicing of exons results in
the production of different mRNA molecules from a common precursor RNA molecule
the molecule that tags regulatory proteins for destruction by the proteasome is
ubiquitin
which of these statements about enzymes is true
most enzymes are proteins
which of these statements about enzyme-catalyzed reactions is true
under given conditions of substrate concentration, pH, and temperature, the rate of product formation varies directly with the enzyme concentration up to a maximum, at which point the rate cannot be further increased
which of these statements about lactate dehydrogenase is true
it is a protein
it oxidizes lactic acid
it reduces another molecule( pyruvic acid)
ALL OF THESE
in a metabolic pathway
the product of one enzyme becomes the substrate of another
in an inborn error of metabolism
a genetic change results in the production of a defective enzyme
intermediates produced prior to the defective step accumulate
alternate pathways are taken by intermediates at branch points that precede the defective step
ALL OF THESE
which of these represents an endergonic reaction
ADP + Pi —> ATP
CO2 + H2O —> glucose
which of these statements about ATP is true
the bond joining ADP and he third phosphate is a high energy bond
the formation of ATP is coupled to energy liberating reaction
the conversion of ATP to ADP and Pi provides energy for biosynthesis, cell movement, and other cellular processes
ATP is the “universal energy carrier” of cells
ALL OF THESE ARE TRUE
when oxygen is combined with 2 hydrogens to make water
oxygen is reduced
the molecule that donated the hydrogens becomes oxidized
enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by
decreasing the activation energy of the reactants
according to the law of mass action, which of these condition will drive the reaction A + B C to the right
an increase in the concentration of A and B
a decrease in the concentration of C
the net gain of ATP per glucose molecule in lactic acid fermentation is ________; the net gain in anaerobic respiration is generally _____
2;30
in anaerobic metabolism, the oxidizing agent for NADH is
pyruvic acid
when skeletal muscles lack sufficient oxygen, there is an increase blood concentration of
lactic acid
the conversion of lactic acid to pyruvic acid occurs
in the heart, where lactic acid is aerobically respired
in the liver, where lactic acid can be converted to glucose
which of these statements about the oxygen in the air we breath is true
it functions as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain
it combines with hydrogen to form water
in terms of the number of ATP molecules directly produced, the major energy yielding process in the cell is
oxidative phosphorylation
ketone bodies are derived from
fatty acids
the conversion of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate occurs in
the liver
skeletal muscles
the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to free glucose, which can be secreted into the blood, occurs in
the liver
the formation of glucose from pyruvic acid derived from lactic acid, amino acids, or glycerol is called
gluconeogenesis
which of these organs has an almost absolute requirment for blood glucose as its energy source
brain
when amino acids are used as an energy source,
oxidative deamination occurs
pyruvic acid or one of the Krebs cycle acids is formed
urea is produced
ALL OF THESE
intermediates formed during fatty acid metabolism can enter the krebs cycle as
acetyl CoA
