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Biological compounds > Cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

Cell structure and organisation Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

membranous structures in cytoplasm known as

A

internal cell membranes

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2
Q

organelle

A

specialised structure with a specific function inside a cell

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3
Q

eukaryotic cells having organelles means

A

-harmful chemicals concentrated in one area
-large SA for attachment of enzymes
-transport system inside the cell

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4
Q

size of animal cell

A

10-30 µm

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5
Q

size of plant cell

A

10-100µm

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6
Q

mitochondria size

A

1-10µm

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7
Q

how many membranes in mitochondria

A

2

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8
Q

inner and outer membrane fold inwards to form

A

cristae

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9
Q

cristae function

A

increase SA for attachment of respiration enzymes

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10
Q

matrix

A

solution of many compounds(proteins, lipids) and enzymes

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11
Q

DNA in mitochondria

A

small circle of DNA, allows replication and coding for proteins and RNA

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12
Q

mitochondria ribosomes

A

70s, used for protein synthesis

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13
Q

mitochondria function

A

produce ATP in aerobic respiration in either matrix or inner membrane
high SA:V ratio due to being cylinder= reduces diffusion distance

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14
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

extensive system of parallel double membrane forming flattened sacs with cisternae
connected with nuclear envelope so allows transport

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15
Q

cisternae

A

interconnected, fluid filled spaces between flattened sacs

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16
Q

rough er

A

ribosomes outside and transports proteins made there

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17
Q

rough er function

A

present in protein synthetic cells, eg. amylase makers

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18
Q

smooth er

A

no ribosomes

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19
Q

smooth er function

A

synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids

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20
Q

cells with large quantities of carbs, proteins and fats have

A

an extensive ER

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21
Q

ribosome sizes in eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

A

70s in prokaryotic
80s in eukaryotic- single or attached to membranes on RER

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22
Q

ribosome structure

A

1 large, 1 small subunit assembled in the nucleolus from RNA and protein

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23
Q

where are ribosomes found

A

free in cytoplasm or bound to er

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24
Q

ribosome function

A

protein synthesis: site of translation, mRNA and tRNA are used to assemble pp chain

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25
Q

golgi apparatus structure

A

compact version of er
series of dynamic flattened sacs which package proteins for secretion

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26
Q

dynamic flattened sacs of golgi

A

pp vesicles pinch from RER and fuse with the membranes

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27
Q

golgi apparatus secretion

A

at the other end of the GA, vesicles are pinched off and carry proteins to fuse with membranes, secreting proteins

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28
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

-producing secretory enzymes and carbs
-transport and store lipids
producing glycoprotein
-forming lysosomes

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29
Q

lysosome function

A

small, single celled temporary vacuoles that isolate potentially harmful digestive enzymes
they are released when the cell needs to recycle organelles or digest material

30
Q

centrioles structure

A

in all animal cells outside the nucleus
2 rings of microtubules= hollow perpendicular cylinders, known as centrosome

31
Q

centriole function

A

organise the microtubules that make the spindle fibres in cell division

32
Q

chloroplasts

A

highly concentrated in the palisade mesophyll cells bellow upper surface of plant
aid with photosynthesis

33
Q

chloroplast structure

A

double membrane- chloroplast envelope
stroma- fluid filled with some starch and liquid
thylakoids- flattened sacs stacked in pieces called grana, contains
pigments
70s ribosomes+circular DNA

34
Q

vacuoles in plants

A

plants- large consisting of fluid filled, single membrane sac
—-> contains cell sap
supports soft plant tissue

35
Q

cell sap content

A

vitamins
minerals
amino acids
glucose
pigments

36
Q

vacuoles in animals

A

small temporary vesicles formed during phagocytosis

37
Q

nucleus size

A

10-20µm

38
Q

nucleus structure

A

spherical, contains DNA and protein
double membrane= nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm- contains chromatin
nucleolus- 1+ spherical bodies

39
Q

DNA+ protein

A

chromosomes

40
Q

chromatin

A

coils of DNA bound to protein which condense to form chrosomes

41
Q

nuclear envelope adaptation

A

pores allow large molecules like mRNA and ribosomes to enter

42
Q

nucleolus function

A

site of formation of rRNA

43
Q

what organelles are only in plants

A

**chloroplasts
**plasmodesmata
tonoplast
**cell wall
**large permanent vacuole

44
Q

plants and animal cells both have

A

-cell surface membrane
-membrane bound nucleus
-nucleolus
-chromatin
-mitochondria
-RER and SER
-ribosomes
-golgi body

45
Q

what organelles are only in animal

A

lysosome
centriole

46
Q

1 protein production: DNA uncoils and is used to make

A

mRNA

47
Q

2 protein production: what allows mRNA to escape the nucleus

A

nuclear pore

48
Q

3 protein production: what is created to help ribosome synthesis

A

rRNA

49
Q

4 protein production: —- attaches to ribosomes to help create protein

A

mRNA

50
Q

5 protein production: rough endoplasmic reticulum…

A

packages proteins into vesicles

51
Q

6 protein production: what further packages proteins by….

A

Golgi apparatus packages by modification

52
Q

7 protein production: vesicle is transported towards

A

cell membrane

53
Q

8 protein production: vesicle leaves the cell, also known as

A

exocytosis

54
Q

9 protein production: what provides atp

A

mitochondria

55
Q

prokaryotes have no nucleus or internal membranes so have no

A

membrane bound organelles

56
Q

prokaryotes are

A

unicellular and acellular

57
Q

eukaryote

A

organism containing cells with membrane bound organelles with DNA in the nucleus

58
Q

site of aerobic respiration in prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane

59
Q

prokaryote size vs eukaryotes

A

pro- 1-10 micrometers
eu- 10-100 micrometers

60
Q

prokaryote ribosomes vs eukaryotes

A

pro- 70s free in cytoplasm
eu- 80s free or attached to er

61
Q

mesosomes and function

A

infoldings of the plasma membrane that increase the sa, used for respiration

62
Q

capsule prokaryotic

A

protective outer layer against phagocytosis

63
Q

plasmids prokaryotic

A

small circular DNA with genes for antibiotic resistance

64
Q

viruses are…

A

non living and acellular
very small
use a host cell to reproduce
use DNA/RNA for replication

65
Q

viruses are obligate parasites, this is because

A

they dont have the metabolic capabilities to create their own energy or dna so have to use a host

66
Q

virus structure

A

core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and SOME have an outer lipoprotein envelope, e.g., HIV

67
Q

virus diseases in humans, plants, birds and others

A

human: flu, chickenpox, cold, ebola
plants: cauliflower mosaic virus
birds: bird flu
others: cowpox, swine flu

68
Q

comparisons between eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses can be seen on

A

electron micrograph images

69
Q

cell theory: 3 points

A

all living organisms are multicellular
cell is the basic unit of life(structure, organisation and function)
cells can only arise from pre-existing cells

70
Q

differentiation

A

development of a cell into a specific type

Biological compounds (7 decks)

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