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Biology (exam 3) > Cell Cycle Control & Cancer > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Control & Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 steps that cell division includes?

A

DNA Replication and sister chromatids separating

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2
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

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3
Q

What is one of the 2 identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division?

A

Chromatid

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4
Q

What is the name of a pair of identical copies of DNA joined at a point called the centromere?

A

Sister chromatids

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5
Q

What is one copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the original chromosome by a single centromere?

A

Chromatid

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6
Q

What is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism?

A

Chromosome

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7
Q

What is the original cell called?

A

Parent cell

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8
Q

What are the two new cells called?

A

Daughter cell

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9
Q

What takes up 90% of the time during the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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10
Q

What connects the two chromatids?

A

Centromere

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11
Q

How many phases are in the cell cycle?

A

5

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12
Q

G1, S, G2 are apart of interphase or m phase?

A

Interphase

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13
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

Is the primary growth phase of the cell. It duplicates the organelles which makes the cell get bigger.

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14
Q

What is the S phase?

A

The cell synthesizing and making more DNA. This means that each chromosome is made of two sister chromatids

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15
Q

What does the G2 phase do?

A

Is the second growth phase, in preparation for separation of the newly replicated genome. This phase fills the gap between DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis during this phase microtubules begin to recognize to form a spindle.

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16
Q

What is the phase of the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides, creating two daughter cells?

A

Cytokinesis

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17
Q

Which cell uses the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis?

A

Animals

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18
Q

Which cell uses the cell plate during cytokinesis?

A

Cell plate

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19
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible and ends when the nuclear envelope breaks down. The spindles start to assemble as well.

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20
Q

What occurs during prometaphase?

A

The spindle attaches to the kinetochores of sister chromatids

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21
Q

What is a kinetochore microtubule?

A

A complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

22
Q

`what is a haploid?

A

Having only one set of chromosomes

23
Q

What is a diploid?

A

Having two sets of chromosomes

24
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Asexual reproduction by division of one cell or body into two equal parts

25
Q

Binary fission occurs in bacteria T or F?

A

True

26
Q

During this stage of mitosis, the nuclear envelope begins to break down and the spindle begins to form

A

Prophase

27
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells (which are called germ cells)

28
Q

If there are 72 sister chromatids in a normal somatic cell, what is is the haploid number for that cell?

A
29
Q

What is a gametic cell?

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant. (Sperm and egg)

30
Q

What is the microtubule-organizing center also known as?

A

centrosome

31
Q

What is microtubulin?

A
32
Q

How many copies does the zygote have?

A

Two copies of each chromosomes

33
Q

What is FtsZ?

A

A bacterial cytoskeletal protein that forms a contractile ring involved in bacterial cytokinesis

34
Q

n means?

A

Haploid

35
Q

2n means?

A

Diploid

36
Q

What are histone proteins

A
37
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A

Microtubules become organized into a spindle in and the chromosomes come to lie in the spindle’s middle

38
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

The stage initiated by the separation of sister chromatids, during which the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

39
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

The phase of cell division during which the spindle breaks down, the nuclear envelope of each daughter cell forms and the chromosomes uncoil and become diffused

40
Q

What is CdK?

A

A group of protein enzymes that control progress to the cell cycle. These enzymes are only active when complex with cyclin 

41
Q

What is cyclin?

A

A number of proteins that are produced in synchrony with the cell cycle

42
Q

What is the G1/S checkpoint control?

A

The primary control point at which a cell decides whether or not to divide.

43
Q

What does G2/M checkpoint control?

A

Sees if division needs to be delayed or not depending on if DNA has not been properly replicated or is damaged

44
Q

What is a spindle checkpoint Control?

A

All chromosomes must be attached to the spindle. Passage through this checkpoint commits the cell to anaphase

45
Q

What happens if cells are deprived of appropriate growth factors?

A

They go to the G0 phase

46
Q

What is a possible outcome if there is a failure of cell division control?

A

Cancer

47
Q

What is chromatin composed of?

A

DNA and proteins

48
Q

What do cohesion proteins do in cell division?

A

They hold the DNA of his sister chromatids together

49
Q

Separation of the sister chromatids occurs during?

A

Anaphase

50
Q

Cdks are regulated by what?

A

The periodic destruction of cyclins 

Biology (exam 3) (3 decks)

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