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PRINC/PRAC > CARIOLOGY > Flashcards

CARIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

biofilm-mediated, diet modulated, multifactorial, non-communicable, dynamic disease resulting in net mineral loss of dental hard tissues

A

Dental Caries

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2
Q

Dental caries is determined by

A

biological, behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental factors

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3
Q

caries lesion (cavity) develops as consequence of

A

dental caries process

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4
Q

the clinical judgment, including detection of and assessment of caries signs (lesions), to determine the presence of disease

A

Caries Diagnosis

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5
Q

The purpose of clinical caries diagnosis is to achieve

A

best health outcome for your patient

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6
Q

The purpose of clinical caries diagnosis is to achieve the best health outcome for your patient - which can be achieved by

A

selecting: the best management option for each lesion type, to inform the patient, and to monitor the clinical course of the disease

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7
Q

concept that reflects the mineral balance, (mineral loss, net mineral gain, or statis over time)

A

Caries Activity

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8
Q

Caries active =
Caries inactive =

A

caries initiation/progression
caries arrest/regression

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9
Q

the likely/expected course of dental caries

A

Progression of Caries

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10
Q

implies there are no detectable signs of dental caries

A

Caries Free

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11
Q

implies there are no detectable cavities in dentine (may have non-cavitated clinically)

A

Cavity Free

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12
Q

actions taken to interfere with the mineral loss at all caries disease stages

A

Care Care/Management/Control

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12
Q

actions taken to interfere with the mineral loss at all caries disease stages

A

Care Care/Management/Control

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13
Q

traditionally referred to the inhibition of caries initiation (primary prevention)

A

Caries Prevention

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14
Q

loss of tooth mineral due to acids. In dental caries, this process is biofilm-mediated

A

Demineralization

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15
Q

net gain of mineral in previously demineralized tissue

A

Remineralization

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16
Q

a “consortium of microorganisms” that stick to the tooth surface - microorganisms are embedded in extracellular polymeric matrix

A

Dental Biofilm

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17
Q

clinical term used commonly when referring to the dental biofilm

A

Dental Plaque

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18
Q

describes the substrates or microorganisms capable of promoting dental caries

A

Cariogenic

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19
Q

describes substances or procedures capable of arresting dental caries

A

Cariostatic

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20
Q

number of teeth/surfaces that have caries lesions, restorations, and/or are missing due to caries, accumulated by an individual up to a designated point in time

A

Caries Experience

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21
Q

the number/proportion of individuals with caries in a given population at a specified threshold, at a certain point in time

A

Caries Prevalence

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22
Q

number/proportion of individuals with new or progressing caries at a specified threshold in a given population, detected at a given period of time

A

Caries Incidence

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23
Q

“ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of caries data, essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, and the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know so that action can be taken”

A

Caries Surveillance

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24
Q

probability that the caries lesion will appear/progress if the conditions remain the same within a period of time

A

Caries Risk

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25
Q

environmental, behavioral, or biological factor (confirmed by evidence) that directly increases the probability of caries occurrence

A

Caries Risk Factor/Determinant

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26
Q

risk factor is a determinant that can be modified by intervention for example to reduce the probability of caries

A

Modifiable Risk Factor

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27
Q

characteristic associated with increased probability of caries or increased occurrence of caries - not casually associated with the disease

A

Caries Risk Indicator/Marker

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28
Q

measures taken to reduce the caries risk that the individual or population is subject to

A

Caries Risk Management

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29
Q

clinical signs of caries

A

caries lesion

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30
Q

Caries lesion is clinical signs of caries that can be categorized according to the

A
  1. anatomical location - coronal or root/cementum
  2. severity - cavitated versus non-cavitated
  3. depth of penetration into tissue - enamel, dentin, pulp
  4. activity status - active versus inactive
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31
Q

identification of the signs of dental caries, where caries lesions are “identified at various detection thresholds and stages”

A

Caries Lesion Detection

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32
Q

caries lesion detection - stages

A

non-cavitated, micro-cavitated, cavitated

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33
Q

frequently used term for non-cavitated caries lesion

A

initial caries lesion

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34
Q

initial caries lesion refers more to _____ than _____

A

stage of severity than to the lesion activity

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35
Q

popular term for a non-cavitated that was used in the past that refers only to the color

A

White-spot Lesion

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36
Q

“White-spot lesion” may be confused for other pathologies such as

A

molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) or dental fluorosis

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37
Q

“White-spot lesion” doesn’t consider

A

the lesion activity

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38
Q

tooth structure without clinically detectable alteration of the natural translucency, color, or surface

A

Sound Enamel/Dentin

39
Q

tooth structure without clinically detectable alteration of the natural translucency, color, or surface

A

Sound Enamel/Dentin

40
Q

caries lesion on previously sound tooth structure

A

Primary Caries

41
Q

recurrent caries developed adjacent to a restoration (filling)

A

Secondary Caries

42
Q

demineralized carious tissue left in place before a restoration (filling) is placed

A

Residual Caries

43
Q

lesion in dentine that is missed on visual exam but caught radiographically or diagnostic aide

A

“Hidden Caries”

44
Q

historic term to describe multiple caries lesion on same patient (used in association with early childhood caries or radiation caries)

A

Rampant Caries

45
Q

change in caries lesion severity and/or activity stage in response to changes of lesion environment

A

Caries Lesion Transition

46
Q

early onset of caries in young children with often fast progression, likely result in complete destruction of primary dentition

A

Early Childhood Caries (ECC)

47
Q

Early Childhood Caries is defined as the presence of

A

one or more decayed (non-cavitated or cavitated lesion), missing (due to caries), or filled surfaces in any primary tooth of a child under the age of 6

48
Q

any sign of smooth-surface caries in a child younger than three years of age, and from ages three through five, one or more cavitated, missing (due to caries), or filled smooth surfaces in primary maxillary anterior teeth or a decayed, missing, or filled score of greater than or equal to four (age 3), greater than or equal to five (age 4), or greater than or equal to six (age 5)

A

Severe Early Caries

49
Q

one or more decayed (non-cavitated or cavitated lesion), missing (due to caries), or filled surfaces in any primary tooth of a child under the age of 6

A

Early Childhood Caries (ECC)

50
Q

identification of the presence of caries lesion visually

A

Visual Detection of Caries

50
Q

identification of the presence of caries lesion visually

A

Visual Detection of Caries

51
Q

Atraumatic tactile evaluation of tooth surface integrity and texture of the caries lesion using a dental instrument.

A

Tactile Assessment

52
Q

use of radiographs to detect radiolucencies (darkening on x-rays) that is interpreted as caries lesion

A

Radiographic Detection

53
Q

episodic assessment of the effect of an intervention or natural behavior on clinical and/or radiographic status of caries lesion

A

Caries Lesion Monitoring

54
Q

Non-surgical measures interfering with initiation of new caries lesion and rate of caries lesion progression

A

Non-Operative Caries Treatment/Management/Control/Care

55
Q

Non-Operative Caries Treatment/Management/Control/Care aims to

A

keep the caries process at subclinical level and/or arrest caries lesion progression at the clinical/radiographic

56
Q

Non-Operative Caries Treatment/Management/Control/Care key elements include

A

brushing with fluoride toothpaste, other fluoride treatments, dietary modification, oral hygiene measures, etc.

57
Q

surgical intervention to place a restoration (filling) to control caries, to aid biofilm control, and typically to restore form and function

A

Operative (Restorative) Caries Treatment (Care

58
Q

approach to make cavitated caries lesions accessible to tooth cleaning by removal of overhanding enamel margins

A

Non-Restorative/Non-Operative Cavity Treatment

59
Q

fluorides that are applied locally, applied directly to the teeth

A

Topical Fluorides

60
Q

fluoride that is ingested into the body

A

Systemic Fluorides

61
Q

holistic caries management philosophy focusing on caries lesion control/minimal operative intervention to preserve tissue

A

Minimal Intervention Dentistry

62
Q

Minimal Intervention Dentistry includes

A

early caries detection, non-operative treatment, combined with minimally invasive restorative approaches

63
Q

Enamel

A

highly mineralized epithelial tissue with approx. 85% volume occupied by hydroxyapatite crystals of large size and high crystallinity

64
Q

Enamel Rods

A

elongated “crystalline” structures

65
Q

Tightly packed ________ form enamel

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

66
Q

Composition of enamel

A

Not pure hydroxyapatite crystals – enamel contains inorganic ions with inclusion calcium, phosphate or hydroxyl ions

67
Q

Unit Cell of Hydroxyapatite

A

Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2

68
Q

hardest substance in human body

A

enamel

69
Q

Enamel formation =

A

amelogenesis

70
Q

Enamel is made up of tightly bunched _____ crystals

A

oblong

71
Q

Acquired Pellicle

A

acellular film that forms on tooth surfaces when exposed to oral environment

72
Q

Acquired pellicle is mostly made up of

A

Mostly salivary proteins, also carbohydrates and lipids

73
Q

Acquired pellicle maintains oral health by providing

A

lubrication, de/remineralization, influences composition early microbial flora that colonizes tooth surface

74
Q

Newborns (oral microbiome) are colonized within ______ of birth - what are these microorganisms called?

A

5 min - pioneer microorganisms

75
Q

5 key domains of determinants of health for influences on children’s oral health

A
  1. Genetic and biological factors
  2. Social environment
  3. Physical environment
  4. Health behaviors
  5. Dental and medical care
76
Q

3 hypothesis for etiology of caries

A

specific plaque, non-specific plaque, ecological plaque

77
Q

Specific Plaque Hypothesis

A

only certain bacteria species are involved in caries process; preventative measures include targeting specific bacteria (immunization)

78
Q

Non-specific Plaque Hypothesis

A

assumes all plaque/bacteria pathogen/causes caries; preventative measures aimed at all plaque (toothbrushing)

79
Q

Ecological Plaque Hypothesis

A

suggest shift in pH of biofilm cause shift toward cariogenic bacteria (e.g., S. mutans) in oral environment, resulting in disease

80
Q

Repeated low pH conditions following sugar intake will favor ___________ species - what hypothesis for etiology of caries is this associated with?

A

acidogenic and aciduric species - Ecological Plaque Hypothesis

81
Q

Caries ecological hypothesis: Dental biofilms metabolize/ferment ______ resulting in

A

carbohydrates (e.g. Lactobacilli, mutans streptococci) - resulting in acid production that result in caries

82
Q

3 reversible stages in caries process - according to extending caries ecological hypothesis

A

Dynamic stability stage, Acidogenic stage, Aciduric stage

83
Q

Acidogenic

A

acid producers

84
Q

Aciduric

A

Survive in acid environment

85
Q

Does increasing the number of Acidogenic and aciduric bacteria result in caries?

A

no

86
Q

Increasing the frequency of what results in more acid production?

A

Increasing frequency of fermentable carbohydrate results in lowered pH, resulting in proliferation of aciduric bacteria, resulting in more acid production

87
Q

At what pH are oral fluids supersaturated (with respect to hydroxyapatite and fluroapatite)

A

7.4

88
Q

When biofilm pH decreases the solubility of apatite ___________

A

increases

89
Q

When pH is lowered, supersaturation (with respect to hydroxyapatite) is

A

reduced

90
Q

At what pH will enamel dissolve?

A

5.5

91
Q

What is an essential dietary factor to caries development?

A

free sugars

92
Q

dental caries is the most common ________ disease worldwide

A

noncommunicable

93
Q

G.V. Black experiment - enamel changes after dental plaque allowed to accumulate undisturbed for 1 week:

A

no macroscopic changes; distinct signs of direct dissolution of outer enamel at the ultrastructural level (scanning electron); histologically shows slight increase in enamel porosity

94
Q

G.V. Black experiment - enamel changes after dental plaque allowed to accumulate undisturbed 14 days:

A

a whitish, opaque changes are visible: increased porosity with mineral removal deep to outer surface with start of a subsurface lesion

95
Q
A

PRINC/PRAC (1 decks)

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