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Medsci > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

how many pumps does the human heart contain

A

two pumps

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2
Q

daily output of the heart

A

7000 liters

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3
Q

What is the Pulmonary circuit?

A

the circuit which takes de-oxygentated blood to the Lungs

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4
Q

What is the Systemic Circuit?

A

Takes oxygenated blood to the other organs

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5
Q

What do arteries do?

A

bring blood away from the heart

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6
Q

what do veins do?

A

bring blood towards the heart

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7
Q

What is the distribution of blood volume?

A

9% in pulmonary circuit
7% in veins
84% in Systemic circuit

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8
Q

What is a Hepatic Portal Vein

A

A vein which doesn’t take blood directly back to the heart, but rather to another system

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9
Q

Example of a Hepatic Portal Vein

A

the vein which goes from the Gut to the Liver and then goes to the Heart

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10
Q

What is the pressure when the volume in the heart is high?

A

Pressure is low

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11
Q

What does the outlet valve ensure?

A

that the chamber draws blood from low pressure veins instead of high pressure one. When the ventricle is filling n outlet valve is essential to prevent material blood from returning to the pump.

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12
Q

The filling phase is a __ phase

A

passive

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13
Q

What happens during the Ejection phase?

A

blood goes from inside the pump to the outside. Blood goes to the area of lower pressure

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14
Q

Why is an Inlet valve necessary?

A

to prevent high pressure blood in the pumping chamber from returning to the veins

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15
Q

What is an Atrium

A

A reservoir upstream of the pump.

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16
Q

When does the Atrium collect blood?

A

During an ejection phase when the inlet valve is closed , the atrium accumulates venous blood.

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17
Q

why is having an Atrium beneficial?

A

so the blood can enter the ventricle quickly during the filing phase

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18
Q

what is the benefit of having an Auricle?

A

increases the capacity of an Atrium

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19
Q

What is the benefit of having the inlet and outlet pump lie close

A

Adds an extra wall for an extra wall, this increases the contraction

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20
Q

Right Atrial peak Presure

A

5mmHg

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21
Q

Right Venticular peak pressure

A

27mmHg

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22
Q

Left Atrial peak Pressure

A

8mmHg

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23
Q

Left Ventricle peak pressure

A

120mmHg

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24
Q

why is the right sides pressure much lower than the left sides

A

because blood passes through the high resistance circuit and loses initial pressure

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25
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve located?

A

on the left side, it is also known as the Mitral valve, it has two flaps

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26
Q

Where is the Tricuspid valve located ?

A

on the right side, it has 3 flaps

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27
Q

What are inlet valves made up of?

A

fibrous connective tissue

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28
Q

what is the free edge of the inlet flaps tethered by?

A

tendinous cords which prevent it from rusting upwards into the atrium during systole

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29
Q

What forms the cone shape of the heart?

A

left ventricle, it is hollow with thick muscular walls

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30
Q

why must inlet valves be larger in diameter than the outlet valves?

A

so it can admit blood at a low pressure, the outlets have small holes but the blood leaves at a higher pressure

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31
Q

what are the outlet valves?

A

pulmonary (right)

aortic (left)

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32
Q

what are the inlet valves?

A

tricuspid (right)

mitral (left)

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33
Q

Ratio of peak pressure in the left:right ventricle

A

5:1

120 mmHg : 27 mmHg

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34
Q

Why is the peak pressure in Left ventricles higher than the right ventricle?

A

the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right ventricle

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35
Q

wall thickness ration of Left Ventricle:Right ventricle ?

A

3:1

36
Q

What term is used to describe the outlet valves?

A

semilunar

there are three semilunar cusps

37
Q

What do outlet valves lack that inlet valves have?

A

lack cords, their 3D shape gives them strength rather than the cords and allows them to close

38
Q

Apex of the heart

A

points inferiorly, anteriorly and to the left

39
Q

Right order

A

formed daily by the right atrium

40
Q

Inferior border

A

formed mainly by the right ventricle

41
Q

Leftborder

A

formed mainly by the left ventricle

42
Q

Hypertrophy of heart muscle

A

muscle becomes much thicker as it has

43
Q

visceral pericardium

A

lining the heart

44
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

outside the heart

45
Q

Pericadial space

A

in between the visceral and parietal pericardium, it holds the serous fluid

46
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

lines the parietal pericardium

47
Q

what is the pericardium made up of?

A

a single layer of squamous mesothelial cells

48
Q

Fibrous skeleton of the inlet and outlet valves

A

High pressure holes (M and A) have complete fibrous skeletons
Low pressure holes (T and P) are incomplete and they have loose fibres

49
Q

SA node

A

it is the pacemaker of the heart
it can depolarise and depolarise
happens about 60-90 times a minute

50
Q

AV node

A

not as fast as the SA node, but still depolarises and depolarises by itself

51
Q

the pathway for depolarisation in the heart

A

SA node causes contraction of atrial muscles
AV node contracts and contracts the AV bundles
Bundles send signal through the Purkinje fibres

52
Q

why does the Atria have to contract before the ventricle

A

so the ventricle can fill up extra 20% of the blood

53
Q

Elastic Artery

A

largest arteries which have elastic walls
during systole they expand
during diastole they recoil to push blood out into Arterial tree

54
Q

what is the elastic artery made up of?

A

many thin sheets of elastin in the middle tunic

55
Q

Muscle artery function

A

distribute blood around the body at high pressure.
the rate of blood flow is adjust by using smooth muscle to vary radium of vessel
flow is proportional to the fourth power of radius

56
Q

Structure of Artery Function

A

many layers of circular smooth muscle wrapped around the vessel

57
Q

Function of an Arteriole

A

control blood flow into capillary beds.
they have a thicker muscular wall relative to their size than any other blood vessel
when the greatest pressure drop occurs, these are in circulation

58
Q

degree of constriction of arterioles throughout the body determines

A

total peripheral resistance which in turn affects the mean arterial blood pressure

59
Q

structure of arterioles

A

1-3 layers of circular smooth muscle wrapped around the vessel in the middle tunic

60
Q

Capillary

A

smallest vessels

thin walled to allow gas exchange, nutrients and wastes between blood and surrounding tissue fluid

61
Q

Structure of a Capillary

A

single layer of endothelium with an external basement membrane

62
Q

Venule function

A

low pressure vessels that drain capillary beds
WBC leave through a venule
flow within the Venule is slow to allow WBC to wiggle out

63
Q

Structure of Venule

A

small venules have endothelium and connective tissue

larger ones have a single layer of smooth muscle

64
Q

Vein function

A

thin walled, low pressure vessels which drain back to the atria
a small change in venous blood pressure causes a large change in venous volume
act as a place to store blood

65
Q

Structure of a Vein

A

Thinner walled.

Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow

66
Q

What do Coronary Arteries do?

A

Keep the heart alive by pumping oxygenated blood to the heart

67
Q

Where do Coronary arteries arise from?

A

From the Aorta hust downstream from the aortic valve and supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium)

68
Q

What is the blood from the Coronary Arteries like ?

A

High pressure and oxygenated

69
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Heart rate x Stroke Volume

It is the volume of blood whetted into the aorta per minute

70
Q

What is the cardiac Output at rest

A

4-7 liters a minute

71
Q

What is the venous return

A

Volume of blood returning to the heart from the vasculature every minute and it is linked to the cardiac Output

72
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Volume of blood rejected by the heart during one cardiac cycle

73
Q

Frank Sterling law of the heart

A

Equalizes output of the Left and Right ventricles

74
Q

Cardiac Reserve

A

Difference between minimum and maximum that your heart has in the bank that it can output when needed

75
Q

Contractility

A

ability of nervous system to increase contractility

76
Q

Inotrophy

A

Forecefillness of contractility

77
Q

Preload

A

Stretch on the heart ventricle before it contracts

78
Q

What happens to preload when stroke Volume increases

A

Increased preload

79
Q

What does preload relate to

A

To the pressure resulting from the blood from returning to the heart.

80
Q

What does preload do when it senses more pressure of blood returning to the heart

A

Responds by increasing forcefullness of next contraction so the stroke Volume is increased

81
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure the heart has to work against to eject blood out of the left ventricle
It is known as the Arterial pressure

82
Q

The more blood that returns to the heart during diastole

A

The more blood is ejected during the next systole

83
Q

How is stroke volume regulated

A

Intrinstic regulation which is governed by the degree of stretch of the myocardial fibres at the end of diastole
Extrinsic regulation determined by the activity of the autonomic nervous system and circulating levels of various hormones

84
Q

What happens as blood returns to the heart in diastole

A

It begins to fill the ventricle

85
Q

What happens are the ventricle begins to fill with blood

A

The pressure rises and this stretches the myocardial fibres, placing them under a degree of tension (preload)

86
Q

What does an increase in filling pressure lead to?

A

An increase in end diastolic volume and an increase in the subsequent stroke Volume

Medsci (3 decks)

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