Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 1

SA node

Question 2

A thoracic pain & choking feeling caused by lack of O2 to the heart muscle is called _______ _______.

Answer 2

Angina Pectoris

Question 3

What are the 3 types of Angina?

Answer 3

• Stable
• Unstable
• Variant (Prinzmetals)

Question 4

What are the 4 E’s associated with pain from Angina?

Answer 4

• Exertion
• Emotional Stress
• Exposure to cold
• Eating unusually heavy meals

Question 5

6 other S/S associated with Angina?

Answer 5

• ⬆️ HR, BP, & RR
• diaphoresis
• pallor
• nausea
• dyspnea
• anxiety/feeling of doom

Question 6

1 cause of Angina is ____________. 5 other causes/risk factors include

Answer 6

• age
• gender
• family hx
• hyperlipidemia
• obesity

Question 7

7 non-invasive Dx for Angina?

Answer 7

• chest XR
• stress test
• PET scan
• Bloodwork
• ECG
• Echocardiogram; size, position, shape, & motion of heart (including valves)
• Holter monitor

Question 8

2 invasive Dx for Angina?

Answer 8

• Thallium; dye injected to view heart muscle cells

- Coronary Angiogram; catheter checks for blockage

Question 9

7 Medical Tx for Angina?

Answer 9

• Ace inhibitors; blocks production of Angiotensin II
• Statins - ⬇️ cholesterol production in liver
• Anti-platelets - clotting
• Morphine - ⬇️ preload, afterload, & anxiety
• Beta-Blockers - ⬇️BP & HR
• Ca channel blockers - relaxes muscle; ⬇️heart workload
• Nitroglycerin - vasodilator; ⬇️BP

Question 10

3 Surgical Tx for Angina?

Answer 10

• Atherectomy
• Angioplasty (PTCA); balloon
• Coronary Artery Stents

Question 11

6 Nsg Interventions for Angina?

Answer 11

• ECG w/pain (ordered)
• O2 & meds (ordered)
• Never leave pt w/ chest pain alone
• Pt teaching
• Rest periods
• V/S frequently
• Pain; 4 E’s

Question 12

Occlusion of an artery resulting in necrosis of the heart muscle is called a _______ _________.

Answer 12

Myocardial Infarction

Question 13

What are the 4 most common locations for MI’s to occur?

Answer 13

• Anterior (Lt side - think Lungs)
• Inferior (Rt side - think vena cava)
• Lateral
• Septal

Question 14

5 S/S of an MI?

Answer 14

• Angina (chest pain - may radiate to the jaw or down Lt arm)
• Dizziness
• ⬆️HR; tachycardic/irregular
• Fatigue & weakness
• same s/s as angina
  pallor
  nausea
  diaphoresis
  dyspnea
  anxiety/doom

Question 15

8 Dx for an MI?

Answer 15

• bloodwork
• ECG
• Stress test
• CXR
• Echocardiogram
• PET scan
• MUGA scan; video images of ventricles
• Thallium

Question 16

What 3 types of bloodwork are involved with the Dx of an MI?

Answer 16

• Troponin & CK
• Myoglobin
• CRP; C-reactive protein(produced by the liver in response to inflammation)

Question 17

3 Medical Tx for an MI?

Answer 17

• MONA (Morphine, O2, Nitro, Aspirin)
• Thrombolytics; clot-busters (rTPA, Activase, Strepase; within 6hrs)
• Anticoagulants; blood thinners- prevents/stabilizes the clot (Heparin/Warfarin)

Question 18

Surgical Tx for an MI?

Answer 18

• PTCA; Angioplasty (balloon)
• Atherectomy
• Coronary Artery Stents
• CABG; Coronary artery bypass graft

Question 19

What is the worry with thrombolytics?

Answer 19

The pt may hemorrhage!!

Question 20

6 causes/risk factors of an MI? (SODDA)

Answer 20

• S- stress, stimulants (caffeine), smoking
• O- obesity
• D- diabetes & HTN
• D- diet (hyperlipidemia)
• A- African American (Men)
  
  • Age 50 & up

Question 21

4 complications associated with an MI?

Answer 21

• heart failure (heavy fluid)
• shock
• dysrhythmias (Defibrilate)
• Pericarditis (can lead to Cardiac Tamponade)