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Block 1 Week 1 > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

what is depolariation

A

electrical activation of the cell caused by sodium entering and potassium exiting the cell

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2
Q

what is repolarization

A

cell at resting state caused by sodium exiting and potassium re-entering

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3
Q

what is the effective refractory period

A

the phase where cells depolarize

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4
Q

what is the relative refractory period?

A

the phase where the cell requires more than normal stimulus

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5
Q

what is a cardiac cycle?

A

depends on the heart rate. Diastole, Atrial, and Ventricular systole

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6
Q

what is cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by ventricles in liters per minute

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7
Q

what is the cardiac output formula?

A

CO = SV x HR

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8
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat

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9
Q

what is preload?

A

degree stretch of cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole.
the volume of blood going into the heart.

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10
Q

what is afterload?

A

resistance of ejected blood from ventricles

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11
Q

what is contractility?

A

the ability of a cardiac muscle to shorten in response to electrical impulse

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12
Q

what is BP determined by?

A

determined by heart rate, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance

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13
Q

why may a patient have hypotension?

A

heart muscles are damaged and unable to pump, severe fluid/blood loss, extreme stress on norepinephrine (the body can’t raise BP)

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14
Q

what is left-sided heart failure?

A

heart muscles weaken -> ineffective heart pump->
Fluid backs up in the left ventricle into the lungs causing low output and affecting the kidneys

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15
Q

what is right-sided heart failure?

A

poor pump goes into the body, nonoxygenated blood causes edema.

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of left-sided heart failure

A

poor circulation, dry/wet cough, dysmetria, fluid in lungs (fine crackles) low O2. Lungs are drowning and can’t breathe underwater. Poor capillary refill. Low urine output. S3 gallop. Blood in sputum. Bounding pulse

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of right-sided heart failure?

A

JVD, Bloating (abdomen), edema, weight gain, enlarged liver, bounding pulse

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18
Q

what causes hypertension

A

Increases pressure caused by muscle contraction increases workload on the heart, and thickens heart muscle. Causes headaches

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19
Q

what is perfusion?

A

blood circulation to an organ

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20
Q

what is orthopnea?

A

inability to lay flat

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21
Q

what are ace (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors

A

blocks angiotensin I conversion into angiotensin II. (blocks II on blood vessels) it lowers BP and the strain on the heart. (benazepril, lisinopril)

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22
Q

what are the side effects of ACE?

A

dizziness, dry cough, hyperkalemia, vasodilation/ alteration of blood flow, angioedema

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23
Q

what to assess for ACE?

A

BP

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24
Q

what is an Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)?

A

binds selectively with the angiotensin II receptor in the vascular smooth muscle and adrenal cortex to block vasoconstriction and aldosterone release (decreases BP helps blood flow)

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25
Q

what to assess for ARBS?

A

BP

26
Q

what are the side effects of ARBS?

A

Dizziness, low bp, hyperkalemia, angioedema,

27
Q

what are calcium channel blockers?

A

relax vessels by blocking calcium in the cells of the heart ( norvasc, verapamil)

28
Q

what are the side effects of channel blockers?

A

low bp, dizziness, headaches, facial flushing

29
Q

what to assess for channel blockers?

A

BP and apical pulse

30
Q

what are diuretics?

A

helps rid the body of water which reduces swelling and improves breathing

31
Q

what is furosemide?

A

potassium wasting, where water and potassium are rid of in the body. can lead to hypokalemia

32
Q

What is spironolactone?

A

potassium sparring, where potassium can be too much. lead to hyperkalemia

33
Q

what are the side effects of the diuretics

A

frequent urination, kidney issues, high or low digoxin levels. low or fast heart rates.

34
Q

what to assess for diuretics?

A

BP, labs,

35
Q

what patients to avoid giving beta blockers?

A

patients who are prone to hypoglycemia (diabetics) and respiratory problems.

36
Q

what are beta-adrenergic blockers?

A

blocks the sympathetic nervous system which slows fight/ flight and blocks stress hormones to lower BP.

37
Q

what to assess for beta-adrenergic blockers

A

check BP and apical pulse

38
Q

what are the side effects of beta-adrenergic blockers

A

low BP, dizziness, low HR, heart failure,

39
Q

what is cardiac glycoside?

A

digoxin (0.5-2) increases the force of heart contraction and slows irregular atrial contraction.

40
Q

what to assess for cardiac glycoside?

A

Apical pulse and labs

41
Q

what are the side effects of cardiac glycoside?

A

can lead to low HR, nausea, vomiting, vision

42
Q

what are antiplatelets?

A

help prevent blood clots by loosening platelets

43
Q

what are the side effects of antiplatelets?

A

can cause bleeding, heartburn, indigestion, headache

44
Q

what to assess for antiplatelets?

A

BP and labs

45
Q

what is the antidote for warfarin?

A

vitamin K

46
Q

what is the antidote for heparin?

A

protamine sulfate

47
Q

what are anticoagulants?

A

decrease clotting by decreasing platelets and altering clotting

48
Q

what are the side effects of anticoagulants?

A

bleeding, bruising, low platelets, Rash, stomach upset

49
Q

what is dehiscence?

A

the closed cut opens up again

50
Q

what is evisceration?

A

when the inside comes out of body

51
Q

what are the phases of a wound

A

hemostasis
inflammatory
proliferation
maturation

52
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

immediate after injury
the blood clots, pain, swelling, redness, and heat

53
Q

what is inflammatory?

A

WBC goes to the wound and macrophages stay. growth factors are released to attract fibroblast

54
Q

what is proliferation?

A

takes weeks long. New tissue built by fibroblasts and scar tissue created

55
Q

what is maturation?

A

after 3 weeks collagen is deposited and a white line is formed

56
Q

what is slough?

A

stringy yellow tissue must use an enzyme to eat it up

57
Q

what is Escher?

A

black tissue that must be cut out

58
Q

what are the types of wounds?

A

intentional (surgery)
unintentional
neuropathic
vascular
pressure-related
open
closed
acute
chronic
partial/full/complex thickness

59
Q

what is desiccation?

A

dehydration

60
Q

what is maceration?

A

overhydration

61
Q

stages of a pressure injury?

A

stage 1: nonblanchable of intact skin
stage 2: partial thickness skin loss and exposed dermis
stage 3: full-thickness skin loss
stage 4: full thickness and tissue loss

62
Q
A

Block 1 Week 1 (6 decks)

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