Cardio, Respiratory, Immune Systems

Question 0

Blood composition

Answer 0

|| three layers:
| plasma = serum + clotting factor
| Buffy coat (white blood cells)
| red blood cells

Question 1

Blood Functions

Answer 1

|| connective tissue:

1. Transport wastes, nutrients, heat, hormones through extracellular space
2. Protect from foreign substances

Question 2

Hematocrit

Answer 2

|| Measure of blood composition, percentage by volume of RBCs
|| ~35-50%, greater in men than in women

Question 3

Plasma

Answer 3

|| made of serum and clotting factor (fibrinogen)
|| constitutes blood matrix
| water
| ions
| urea
| ammonia
| proteins (albumin, immunoglobulin, etc)

Question 4

Albumin

Answer 4

|| plasma protein, synthesized in liver

|| transports steroids, fatty acids, regulates blood osmotic pressure

Question 5

Erythrocytes

Answer 5

|| red blood cells, no organelles, no nucleus
|| contain hemoglobin (binds O2 and CO2)
|| differentiates from stem cells in red bone marrow (by hemopoeisis), subsequently loses nucleus and organelles
|| don’t reproduce or undergo mitosis
|| cell membranes wear out in ~120 days as they squeeze through capillary walls (burst usually when try to go through spleen or liver)

Question 6

Leukocytes

Answer 6

|| white blood cells, no hemoglobin, have organelles
|| also differentiate from stem cells in red bone marrow
|| part of immune system
|| granular and a granular leukocytes

Question 7

Granular leukocytes

Answer 7

|| neutrophils | neutral to basic/acidic dyes
|| eosinophils | stain with acid dyes
|| basophils | stain with basic dyes
|| live shorter, nonspecific infection fighters

Question 8

Agranular leukocytes

Answer 8

|| monocytes | precursor to macrophages, may also be precursor to osteoclasts
|| lymphocytes
|| megakaryocytes
|| live longer | specific infection fighters

Question 9

Platelets

Answer 9

|| small portions of membrane-bound cytosol coming from megakaryocytes
|| don’t contain nuclei | contain actin, myosin, remains of Golgi, ER
|| membranes specifically bind to endothelium

Question 10

Coagulation

Answer 10

|| in response to endothelium injury
| platelet plug: loose, platelet aggregation on surface of injured endothelium
| blood clot: series of steps convert fibrinogen into fibrin threads that tighten platelets together