cardiac tamponade

Question 1

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 1

A: A medical or traumatic emergency where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and reducing cardiac output, leading to shock.

Question 2

What causes cardiac tamponade?

Answer 2

Causes include hemorrhage (e.g., from a penetrating wound, ventricular rupture after MI),

infections (e.g., tuberculosis),

autoimmune diseases, neoplasms ( especially breast or lung cancer)

uremia, and inflammatory diseases.

Question 3

Three most common causes of tamponade

Answer 3

1. Neoplastic disease
2. Idiopathic
3. Renal failure

Question 4

Drugs that can cause cardiac tamponade?

Answer 4

hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil

Question 5

How common is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 5

is more common in young adults with trauma or HIV, and more frequent in elderly patients with malignancy or chronic kidney injury.

Question 6

What are the key clinical signs of cardiac tamponade?

Answer 6

Beck’s Triad:
Pulsus paradoxus: .
Kussmaul sign
Ewart sign

Question 7

What is pulsus paradoxus?

Answer 7

A decrease in systolic blood pressure by more than 10 mm Hg during inspiration

Question 8

What is Kussmaul Sign?

Answer 8

Elevated jugular venous pressure during inspiration.

Question 9

What is Ewart sign?

Answer 9

Dullness and bronchial breath sounds below the left scapula in large effusions.

Question 10

What is the most useful diagnostic tool for cardiac tamponade?

Answer 10

Echocardiography

Question 11

What is the treatment for cardiac tamponade?

Answer 11

Immediate management: Oxygen, volume expansion, and bed rest.

Definitive treatment: Pericardiocentesis (needle aspiration of fluid) or surgical options like pericardial window or pericardiectomy.

For traumatic tamponade, resuscitative thoracotomy is often necessary.

Question 12

Jugular venous wave in tamponade

Answer 12

prominent X descent with an absent Y descent