CAD Flashcards
Define Cardiovascular Disease
Disease of the heart and blood vessels
Define CAD
Narrowing of coronary arteries
Limits blood supply to heart muscle
Leads to ischemia –> infarction
Most common cause for CAD
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Disease of arterial system
Thickening and hardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Form of arteriosclerosis
Intraarterial fat and fibrin
Inflammatory process
What happens in early stages
Damage to artery Infiltrations of macromolecules Fatty streaks form Positive remodeling (to make clot) Plaque forms Occludes artery
Lifetime risk of developing
M and F
Ethnicity
Average Age
M = 49% F = 32% Blacks more than whites Hispanic more than non 65.8 M 70.4 F
Non modifiable risk factors
Age Post menopause F Male Genetic Type 1 Diabetes
Modifiable Risk Factors
Sedentary lifestyle Smoking Elevated cholesterol Overweight Type II Diabetes Alcohol consumption Estrogen deficiency Hypertension Psychological factors
Determining Risk
LDL levels HDL levels Homocysteine C-reactive protein Fribrinogen
Other tests
Exercise stress test Physiological stress test Coronary artery calcium screening Echocardiogram Coronary Angiography
Signs and Symptoms
Often non symptomatic until major event
Angina Pectoris = 30-45% of CAD individuals
Lifestyle Modifications
Weight reduction Moderation of alcohol Regular physical activity Dietary modifications Smoking cessation
Medications
Anti-platelet medications (aspirin)
Lipid reducing medications (statins) - can lead to muscle pain
Surgical management
Precutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Coronary artery bypass graft
Stent
