C. Keywords, Commands, Variable Types, & Container Types

Question 1

break

Answer 1

1. When encountered inside of a loop, immediately stops the execution of the loop and jumps to the first statement following the loop.

Question 2

catch

Answer 2

1. Designates the commands to be executed in response to an exception generated in a preceding “try” block.

Question 3

class

Answer 3

1. Used to define a class. The general format is: class class_name {/* class description */};

Question 4

const

Answer 4

1. Indicates that a variable will not change values; particularly useful for passing by const reference

Question 5

continue

Answer 5

1. When encountered inside of a loop, immediately stops the execution of that iteration of the loop and begins the next iteration (if any)

Question 6

delete

Answer 6

1. Frees up dynamically allocated memory that was previously allocated with new

Question 7

else

Answer 7

1. Designates the commands to follow if an if condition evaluates to false

Question 8

extern

Answer 8

1. Indicates that the definition for a function or class will be provided outside of the current file.

Question 9

for

Answer 9

1. Loop designator that provides a compact way of specifying all loop control in one place. The keyword is followed by parentheses containing 3 clauses sparated by semicolons: an initialization clause executed before the first iteration, a conditional to check at the beginning of each possible iteration, and an update clause to indicate what should change with each iteration. Alternatively, the parentheses can contain variable and container to iterate over, separated by a colon; the variable will take on each value from the container.

Question 10

friend

Answer 10

1. Designates that a function defined outside a class should have access to a class’s members as though it were part of the class

Question 11

if

Answer 11

1. Identifies the start of a condition. The keyword is followed by parentheses containing a Boolean (the condition), and following that are any commands to execute if the condition is true and, optionally, an else clause.

Question 12

namespace

Answer 12

1. Designates a namespace to be used when creating classes or functions or, when coupled with using, when referring to a class or function.

Question 13

new

Answer 13

1. Allocates new memory dynamically (on the heap)

Question 14

operator

Answer 14

1. Used to designate an operator that will be overloaded

Question 15

private

Answer 15

1. Indicates that subsequent class variables and functions should be private (accessible within that class only)

Question 16

protected

Answer 16

1. Indicates that subsequent class member variables and functions should be protected (accessible to a class and its derived classes only)

Question 17

public

Answer 17

1. Indicates that subsequent class member variables and functions should be public (accessible to anything)

Question 18

return

Answer 18

1. Specifies the value to return from a function

Question 19

static

Answer 19

1. Indicates a varable that should persist across multiple calls to a function. Static variables will maintain their value from the previous call to a function on subsequent calls rather than allocating a new local variable with each function call

Question 20

struct

Answer 20

1. An alternative to a class. Traditionally used only for grouping member variables, it now provides the same functionality as a class

Question 21

try

Answer 21

1. Designates a section of code that should be executed but that might generate exceptions. Exceptions are handled by code in a subsequent catch block

Question 22

typedef

Answer 22

1. Defines a new name to be used for a type; allows a user to use more compact and meaningful type names.

Question 23

using

Answer 23

1. Indicates a namespace to be used by default so that namespaces do not need to be specified explicitly for every command.

Question 24

virtual

Answer 24

1. Indicates that a function in a class can be defined more specifically in derived (children) classes.

Question 25

void

Answer 25

1. A type indicating no information; commonly used to specify the return type for functions that do not need to return a value

Question 26

void

Answer 26

1. A type indicating no information; commonly used to specify the return type for functions that do not need to return a value

Question 27

while

Answer 27

1. Loop designator. The keyword is followed by a conditional in parentheses and then by commands to be executed repeatedly, as long as the conditional evaluates to true at the beginning of the loop

Question 28

begin

Answer 28

1. A member function of a container returning an iterator pointing to the first element in a container. Calling .begin() on the container will return the iterator

Question 29

cin

Answer 29

1. A source (obtained by using #include<iostream>) for streaming console input (input typed in by the user)</iostream>

Question 30

cout

Answer 30

1. A destination (obtained by using #include<iostream>) for streaming console output (output to be printed in the console window)</iostream>

Question 31

end

Answer 31

1. A member function of a container returning an iterator pointing to the position just after the last element of a container. Calling .end() will return the iterator. Typically, you use this by incrementing the iterator until it equals .end(), indicating that you have reached the end of the container.

Question 32

eof

Answer 32

1. Member function for finding whether you have encountered the end of a file. Only when you have tried to read something past the end of the file will .eof() return true

Question 33

failbit

Answer 33

1. A particular exception that is thrown when a file is opened incorrectly

Question 34

find

Answer 34

1. An algorithm (obtained by using #include<algorithm>) for performing a linear search through a container (such as an array or a vector). It takes in a beginning and ending iterator and an element value to look for. It returns an iterator to the first position where a matching element is found or the ending iterator if nothing is found. Likewise, there is a .find() member function of the string class for finding a substring within a string (the substring is the only parameter, returning string::npos if nothing is found)</algorithm>

Question 35

getline

Answer 35

1. A function that takes 2 parameters: an input stream and a string variable. A line (until an end-of-line character, such as new line: \n) is read in from the input stream and stored in the string variable.

Question 36

lower_bound

Answer 36

1. An algorithm (obtained by using #include<algorithm>) for performing a binary search on a sorted array or vector. It takes in a beginning and ending iterator and an element value to look for. It returns an iterator to the first item that is greater than or equal to the item being searched for.</algorithm>

Question 37

sort

Answer 37

1. An algorithm (obtained by using #include<algorithm>) for sorting vectors, arrays, or other containers. It takes in a beginning and ending iterator and sorts the elements from the beginning one to just before the ending one.</algorithm>

Question 38

string::npos

Answer 38

1. A value used to compare to in order to find the end of a string. When searching in a string, if an item being searched for is not found, the location will be reported as string::npos, indicating that it was not within the string.

Question 39

auto

Answer 39

1. Automatically determines the data type for the variable based on how the variable is first assigned a value. This is useful for avoiding long type descriptions when the type of the variable will be obvious, but in most cases, it is better to explicitly declare individual types. C++ keyword

Question 40

bool

Answer 40

1. Boolean. The value 0 is false; any other number is interpreted as true. C++ keyword

Question 41

char

Answer 41

1. A single character. Can also be interpreted as a very small integer. Pronounced “char” or “care.” C++ keyword

Question 42

double

Answer 42

1. Floating-point decimal number that has double the precision of the float. C++ keyword

Question 43

float

Answer 43

1. Floating-point decimal number that has double the precision of the float. C++ keyword

Question 44

fstream

Answer 44

1. A file stream, used for reading from or writing files. Must #include<fstream></fstream>

Question 45

int

Answer 45

1. Integer. Any non-decimal number over the range … -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 … . C++ keyword

Question 46

long or long long

Answer 46

1. Integer using more precision and thus capable of representing larger numbers than standard int. C++ keyword

Question 47

string

Answer 47

1. A sequence of characters strung together. Must #include<string></string>

Question 48

stringstream

Answer 48

1. A string stream, used for reading from a string or writing to a string, similar to how you read and write to the console or to files. Must #include<sstream></sstream>

Question 49

void

Answer 49

1. A null data type, usually used to indicate that a function has no return value or as a way of describing a generic pointer, where the type of the data stored in memory is not known. C++ keyword

Question 50

deque<type></type>

Answer 50

1. Doubly ended queue. Can easily add to or remove from beginning or end. Must #include<deque></deque>

Question 51

forward_list<type></type>

Answer 51

1. Stores data in a (singly linked) list. Compared to a list, it is somewhat more efficient for most operations, but it is highly inefficient to access the end of the list or to go backward through the list. Must #include<forward_list></forward_list>

Question 52

list<type></type>

Answer 52

1. Stores data in a (doubly linked) list. Easy to add or delete at any point in the list, but no indexing is supported. Must #include<list></list>

Question 53

map<type1, type2>

Answer 53

1. Stores key-value data pairs. The first is the key and is used as a unique index for storing data; the second type is the value that is associated with each particular key. Must #include<map>

Question 54

pair<type1, type2>

Answer 54

1. Stores pairs of 2 data elements. Provides a simple way of grouping 2 data values of different types without creating a new class. Can #include<utility>, but this is automatically included in most other STL libraries, too.</utility>

Question 55

priority_queue<type></type>

Answer 55

1. Allows data to be inserted and the largest element to be pulled out. The type is often a pair or other user-defined class. Must #include<queue></queue>

Question 56

queue<type></type>

Answer 56

1. Supports adding elements and pulling out elements in the order they were added. Must #include<queue></queue>

Question 57

stack<type></type>

Answer 57

1. Supports adding elements and pulling out the most recently added element. Must #include<stack></stack>

Question 58

tuple<type1, type2, …, typeN>

Answer 58

1. Stores data in a tuple, allowing a simple structure for combining an arbitrary number of data elements of possibly different types in a single structure without creating a new class. Must #include<tuple></tuple>

Question 59

unordered_map<type1, type2>

Answer 59

1. A version of the map that does not keep the elements in any particular order. More efficient than the map for operations but cannot give an ordered list of all elements. Must #include<unordered_map></unordered_map>

Question 60

vector<type></type>

Answer 60

1. Stores data in a sequence that can be directly indexed and can be added on to at the end. Must #include<vector></vector>