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5) Energy Transfers In And Between Organisms > Booklet > Flashcards

Booklet Flashcards

1
Q

Why do plants need energy?

A

Active transport, protein synthesis

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2
Q

Why do animals need energy?

A

Muscle contraction, endo and exocytosis, phagocytosis

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3
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

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4
Q

what is the equation for respiration?

A

glucose +oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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5
Q

in respiration, various substances are used as what?

A

respiratory substances

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6
Q

the hydrolysis of respiratory substrates is linked to?

A

the production of ATP

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7
Q

glucose in respiration?

A

the bodies main source of energy and the number one substance for respiration. Each glucose molecule contains quite a lot of chemical potential energy stored in its bonds. The energy can be released when bonds are Brocken.

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8
Q

what does respiration?

A

takes the energy contained in glucose (and other respiratory substrates) and stores it in ATP molecules. Energy can be released from ATP in a one-step reaction, when a small amount energy is needed for biological processes

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9
Q

process of respiration can be been Brocken down into four stages

A

-glycolysis (cytoplasm)
-link reaction (matrix)
-Krebs cycle (matrix)
-oxidative phosphorylation (inner mitochondrial membrane)

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10
Q

where is glycolysis located?

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

what respiration is glycolysis used in?

A

aerobic and anaerobic respiration because

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12
Q

summarise glycolysis

A

involves the oxidation of triode phosphate which forms molecules of pyruvate. Uses two ATP molecules to form 4 molecules of ATP. Produces a net yield of 2 ATP. Produces 2 molecules off reduced NAD. there are two stages phosphorylation and oxidation.

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13
Q

first step of glycolysis

A

activation of glucose by phosphorylation. Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose phosphate, using the hydrolysis of 2 ATP. Glucose phosphate is a 6 carbon molecule with 2 phosphate ions attached. Glucose phosphate is more reactive (activation energy is lowered)

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14
Q

second step of glycolysis

A

splitting the glucose phosphate in two. Unstable glucose phosphate splits into 2 triose phosphate. Triose phosphate is a 3 carbon molecule with a phosphate attached

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15
Q

third and fourth stage of glycolysis

A

oxidation of the triose phosphate and production of ATP. 2 triose phosphate are oxidised to pyruvate but 2 molecules of the coenzyme NAD. 2 triose phosphate lose an electron to be oxidised to form 2 molecules of pyruvate. 2 NAD are reduced by gaining an electron (RIG) to form 2 reduced NAD. 4 ATP are Made by substrate level phosphorylation.

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16
Q

what happens after the forth stage of glycolysis

A

the 2 molecules of pryuvate molecules are actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix. the 2 ATP are available as a source of energy. the 2 reduced NAD will be used later to make more ATP

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17
Q

explain why glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm

A

its common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration so cannot occur in mitochondria

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18
Q

explain why 2 molecules of ATP are needed to start the process of glycolysis

A

the ATP phosphorylates glucose (twice) making it unstable- this allows it to split into two molecules of triose phosphate

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19
Q

what is NAD?

A

coe enzyme- substance that works with an example to initiate or aid the function

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20
Q

explain how reduced NAD (NADH) is produced during glycolysis

A

NAD accepts electrons and becomes reduced NAD (NADH) .This oxides triose phosphate (removal of electrons) which converts to pyruvate

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21
Q

explain why the conversion of triose phosphate to pyruvate is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction

A

the triose phosphate loses electrons (so is oxidised) the NAD gains them (so is reduced)

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22
Q

suggest a reason the reactions can occur at body temperature

A

enzymes are involved. enzymes are biological catalysts

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23
Q

phosphorylation

A

addition of phosphate group to a molecule

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24
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

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25
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

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26
Q

what are the reactants needed for glycolysis

A

glucose, NAD< ATP

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27
Q

products of glycolysis

A

pyruvate, NADH and ATP

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28
Q

where do the 2 reduced NAD go after glycolysis

A

the inner mitochondrial membrane

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29
Q

where do the 2 pyruvate go after glycolysis for aerobic respiration

A

mitochondrial matrix (actively transported)

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30
Q

where do the 2 ATPs go after glycolysis?

A

cytoplasm for use

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31
Q

if respiration is anaerobic what happens to pyruvate?

A

can be further converted to ethanol or lactate using reduced NAD in the cytoplasm. The oxidised NAD produced in this way can be used in further glycolysis

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32
Q

outline the role of the mitochondrial matrix

A

link reaction and Krebs cycle takes place. correct pH and suitable enzymes for these reactions

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33
Q

outline the role of Cristae

A

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation takes place and therefore the synthesis of most ATP. inholdings give quite a large surface area. The membrane contains embedded electron carrier proteins and ATP synthase required for aerobic respiration

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34
Q

outline the role of ATP synthase

A

enzyme that adds phosphate to ADP producing ATP during the oxidative phosphorylation. stage of aerobic respiration. this occurs during chemises when hydrogen ions diffuse through ATP synthase down their concentration gradient

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35
Q

outline the role of the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

contains carrier proteins for actively transporting pyruvate from cytoplasm to matrix

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36
Q

what respiration is the link reaction involved in?

A

aerobic respiration

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37
Q

where does the link reaction take place?

A

matrix

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38
Q

what are the two stages of the link reaction?

A

-oxidation of pyruvate and removal of carbon dioxide and combining of acetate with coenzyme A

39
Q

oxidation of pyruvate and removal of carbon dioxide in link reaction explained

A

pyruvate is oxidised to acetate as NAD is reduced to reduced NAD. the oxidation of pyruvate, coupled to the reduction of NAD is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction. CO2 is removed from pyruvate to make the 2 carbon molecule of acetate

40
Q

acetate combines with co enzyme A in the links reaction to produce what

A

acetylcoenzyme A

41
Q

what happens to the two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A produced at the end of the link reaction

A

enters the reactions of the Krebs cycle which also takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.

42
Q

what else happens to convert pyruvate to acetate?

A

C02 is removed to make a 2 carbon molecule

43
Q

explain the role of coenzyme A in the link reaction

A

transfers acetate to the enzyme that catalyses the Krebs cycle

44
Q

explain why there are 2 link reactions for every molecule of glucose respired

A

glucose split and produced two pyruvate so two link reactions occur to make two acetates

45
Q

reactants needed for the link reaction

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD, 2COA

46
Q

products of the link reaction

A

2 NADH, 2 acetyl C0A , 2 CO2

47
Q

what happens to the 2 actyl CoA after the link reaction?

A

remain in the matrix to transfer acetate to the enzyme that catalyses the Krebs cycle

48
Q

what happens to the 2 carbon dioxides after the link reaction?

A

diffuses out the mitochondria and cell and into the blood

49
Q

what happens to the 2 reduced NAD after the link reaction?

A

transfers electrons to the electron carriers on the inner mitochondrial membrane

50
Q

what type of respiration is the kerb cycle used in?

A

aerobic only

51
Q

summary of the kerb cycle

A

-the 6 carbon molecule formed when acetate is released from acetylocoenzyme A from the link reaction, and combines with 4C compound (oxaloacetate) forming a 6C molecule citrate
-citrate is gradually oxidised and has carbon dioxide removed.
-the series of oxidation reduction reactions produce 3 reduced NAD, 1 reduced FAD.
-the 2CO2 removed are diffused out of the cell
-the ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation

52
Q

how many times does the Krebs cycle turns and why

A

for each molecule of glucose used in respiration. because 2 pyruvate and so 2 acetyl to co enzyme a

53
Q

describe what happens to acetyl coenzyme A made in the link reaction

A

acetate is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citrate

54
Q

describe how CO2 is given off in a turn of the kerb cycle?

A

citrate is gradually oxidised and carbon dioxide is removed (decarboxylated)

55
Q

describe what happens to the CO2 produced in the Krebs cycle

A

diffuses out to be excreted into the blood and then to lungs

56
Q

explain how ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle

A

substrate level of phosphorylation- energy released from oxidation reaction causes phosphate group to be transferring to ADP to make ATP

57
Q

explain how reduced NAD (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH2) is produced during the kerb cycle

A

series of oxidation reduction reactions. they are reduced and citrate is oxidised

58
Q

explain why it is important to regenerate the 4-carbon molecule during the Krebs cycle

A

so the cycle can continue

59
Q

explain why there are 2 kerb cycles for every molecule of glucose respired

A

2 pyruvate and therefore 2 acetyloenzyme A. glucose split during glycolysis.

60
Q

reactants needed for Krebs cycle

A

2 acetyl CoA, 2 oxalocetate, 6 NAD, 2 FAD

61
Q

products of kerb cycle

A

2 CoA, 2 oxalocetate, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, 4C02

62
Q

what happens to the 2 coenzyme A molecules after the kreb cycle?

A

remains in the matrix to bind to another acetate

63
Q

what happens to the 2 oxalocetates after the kerb cycle?

A

remain in. the matrix to bind to another acetate

64
Q

what happens to the 6 reduced NAD

A

transfers electrons to electron carriers on the inner mitochondrial membrane

65
Q

what happens to the 2 reduced FAD

A

transfers electrons to electron carriers on the inner mitochondrial membrane

66
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

production of ATP due to the transfer of a phosphate group from another molecule into ADP. Usually caused by energy released during chemical reaction such as oxidation. Happens during glycosis and kerb

67
Q

what type of respiration is oxidative phosphorylation involved in?

A

aerobic respiration

68
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

69
Q

what is the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

reduced NAD and reduced FAD from the previous reactions release hydrogen ions and electrons into matrix

70
Q

what is the second stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the electrons enter the electron transfer chain and the first carrier becomes reduced

71
Q

what is the third stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the electrons move down the electron transfer chain in a series of oxidation reduction reactions

72
Q

what is the fifth stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

there is now a high concentration of protons (hydrogen ions) in the inter membrane space, creating a cheimiosmotic gradient

72
Q

what is the fourth stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

this transfer of electrons releases energy to pump protons (hydrogen ions)across inner the Cristal membrane (inner mitochondrial membrane) into the inter membrane space

73
Q

what is the sixth stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the protons (hydrogen ions move down the chemisomotic gradient through ATP synthase complex

74
Q

what is the seventh stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

energy is transferred to ATP synthase to catalyse the reaction of ADP + PI -> ATP in a condensation reaction

75
Q

what is the eighth stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

oxygen is the final electron acceptor, combining two produce water

76
Q

describe exactly where oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria?

A

cristae (inner mitochondria membrane)

77
Q

explain why the Cristal of the mitochondria are important in oxidative phosphorylation

A

provide a large surface area for more electron carriers and ATP synthase

78
Q

explain the importance to oxidative phosphorylation of the reduced NAD and reduced FAD from the other parts of respiration

A

they provide electrons to the electron transport chain

79
Q

explain how electrons are important in the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

they are transferred between electron carriers via a series of oxidation n reduction. reactions. the energy released is used to pump H+ across the membrane

80
Q

explain how protons are important in the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

they move through ATP synthase during chemiosmosis which transfers energy to ATP synthase so it can make ATP

81
Q

explain what a chemisomotic gradient is

A

more H+ on one side of the membrane than the other

82
Q

explain how ATP synthase is involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

it phosphorylates ADP to mark ATP

83
Q

explain the importance of oxygen in the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

it is the final electron acceptor so moves the electron from the final c carrier allowing the electron transfer chain to continue. this forms water

84
Q

describe where oxidation-reduction reactions occur in oxidative phosphorylation

A

between NADH and the carriers at the start between oxygen and the carrier

85
Q

explain what would happen in oxygen wasn’t available as the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphylation

A

the electrons would remain on the final carrier so that could not accept electrons from other carriers, the first carrier could not accept electrons from. NADH so NAD would not reform and we would run out of NAD and therefore no NSAD to oxidise citrate in Krebs, triose phosphate in glycolysis so glycolysis and Krebs would stop. No NAD to oxidise pyruvate during link, so link reaction stops causing death

86
Q

At each step o the electron transfer chain energy is given out to..

A

pump proteins into the intermediate space to create a cheimosmotic gradient and that drives the condensation off ATP

87
Q

what is uncoupling?

A

the reactions of the ETYC are separated from ATP synthase, less ATP is made and more energy is release as heat

88
Q

examples of alternative respiratory substances

A

lipids and amino acids

89
Q

lipids as an alternative respiratory substance

A

-long term energy stores
-ester bonds are hydrolysed to release glycerol and fatty acids
-fatty acids are Brocken into fragments and oxidised to form aceylocoenzyme to enter the Krebs cycle

90
Q

amino acids as an alternative respiratory substance

A

proteins are used in respiration as a last resort in prolonged starvation, the proteins used could be from muscle tissue. Polypeptides are hydrolysed into amino acids (breaking peptide bonds)
depending on the R-group each amino acid has a different entry point. 4 or 5 carbon molecules are converted into smaller fragments and enter the Krebs cycle

91
Q

mitochondrial disease

A

can reduce ATP production by affecting the proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation or the Krebs cycle function. it can also lead to an increase in anaerobic respiration to make up for the shortage in ATP production which leads to an increase in lactate which can cause muscle fatigue and weakness

92
Q
A

5) Energy Transfers In And Between Organisms (8 decks)

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