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anatomy- the body > body systems > Flashcards

body systems Flashcards

1
Q

into what can the skeletal system be divided

A

axial and appendicular.

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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral collumn ribs and sternum

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3
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower limbs

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4
Q

What is cartilage (+what matrix)

A

avascular
connective tissue consisitng of extracellular fibers embedded in a matrix that contains cells localized in small cavities..

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5
Q

what are the two kind of extracellualr fibers found in the matrix of cartilage?

A

collagen

and elastic

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6
Q

what are the three functions of cartilage?

A

support soft tissue
provide a smooth surface for bone articulations at joins.
enable the development and growth of long bones

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7
Q

what are three types of cartilage and what fibers??

A

hylaline- most common, moderate amouint of collagen.
elastic- matrix contains collagen and large number of elastic fibers.
fibrocartilage- matrix contains limited amount of cells and ground substance, but a lot of collagen.

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8
Q

out of what type of cartilage is intervertebral disc made of?

A

fibrocartilage

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9
Q

what is the smoothest type of cartilage

A

hyaline.

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10
Q

does cartilage have nerves blood vessels and lympahtics?

A

no

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11
Q

how it cartilage nourished?

A

diffusion

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12
Q

what is bone?

A

a calcified, living connective tissue

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13
Q

what matrix does a bone have

A

intercellualr calcified matrix, containing collagen fibers and certain types of cells withhin the matrix

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14
Q

what kind of cartilage does meniscus consist of

A

fibrocartilage (toughest)

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15
Q

function of bones?

A 
Supportive structures
protectors of vital organs
reservoirs for calcium and fosfor.
levers on which muscles act
containers for blood producing cells
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16
Q

What are two types of bones?

A

spongy and compact

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17
Q

what is other name for spongy and compact bones?

A

trabecular or cancellous/(poreus)

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18
Q

what is does the compact bone do?

A

dense bone that surround the outer shell of all bones and surrounds spongy bone

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19
Q

what is spongy bone

A

spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing marrow (blood forming cells)

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20
Q

shape and 2 example of long bones

A

tubular
humerus
femur

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21
Q

what is the humerus and what is the femur

A

humerus bot bovenarm

femur bot bovenbeen

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22
Q

shape and example of short bones

A

cuboidal

bones of the wrist and ankle

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23
Q

shape and example of flat bones

A

two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone.

skull

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24
Q

shape and example of irregular bones

A

various shapes

bones of the face

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25
Q

shape and example of sesamoid bones

A

round or oval

develop in tendons

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26
Q

is bone vascular and innervated? and how is it supplied with blood?

A

yes, usually one nutrient artery per bone that enters the internal cavity, that supplies marrow spongy bone, and inner layer or compact bone

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27
Q

What is the periosteum (and unique capability)

A

a fibrous connective tissue that covers bones externally, except in the area of a joint where articular cartilage is.
it can form new bone.

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28
Q

what do the branches of blood vessels that get to the periosteum supply?

A

outer layer of compact bone

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29
Q

what type of nerves go into the internal cavity (with the nutrient artery)

A

vasomotor, that regulate blood flow

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30
Q

is the periosteum more sensitive to injury than bone?

A

yes has more sensory nerves

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31
Q

what are the two types of ossification?

A

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

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32
Q

what is intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal models of bones undergo ossification

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33
Q

what is endochrondal ossification?

A

cartilaginous models of bone form from mesenchyme and undergo ossification.

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34
Q

what are joints

A

the sites where twp bones meet

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35
Q

what are the two categories of joints?

A

synovial and solid joints

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36
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

two skeletal elements are separated by a cavity

37
Q

what is a solid joint

A

Two skeletal elemants are held together by connective tissue (no cavity)

38
Q

Do the skeletal elements contacts each other at synovial joints, and why?

A

no, because a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces.

39
Q

What is a characteristic feature of the synovial joint the presence of a joint…

A

joint capsule

40
Q

out of what does the joint capsule consist inner and outer?

A

inner synovial membrane

outer fibrous membrane

41
Q

what does the synovial membrane make, and effect

A

synovial fluid, lubricates articulating surfaces

42
Q

what are bursea

A

closed sacs of synovial membrane outside joints, and reduce friction of one structure moving of another.

43
Q

what are tendon sheats

A

closed sacs of synovial membrane around tendons , also reduce friction

44
Q

what is fibrous membrane

A

dense connective tissue surrounding and stabilizing the joint

45
Q

what can fibrous membrane also form

A

ligaments

46
Q

What are features (NOT UNIVERSAL) for synovial joints

A

articular disc, fat pad and tendons.

47
Q

what do articular discs do

A

absorb forces, adjust to changes in the countors of joints during movements, and increase range of movements

48
Q

where do fat pads occur

A

between synovial mebrane and capsule

49
Q

How are synovial joints described

A

based on movement and shape

50
Q

what is uniaxial and multiaxial (joints)

A

movement is one and three planes

51
Q

What is a plane joint and example

A

allow sliding or gliding movements, acromioclavicular joint

52
Q

what is a hinge joint and example

A

allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint, permit flexion and extension, humero-ulnar joint (elbow)

53
Q

bicondylar joint, movement , shape, example

A

allow movement in one axis, limited rotation in second axis, formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surface, knee joint

54
Q

condylar (ellipsoid) joint

A

allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other, permit flexion extension, adb/adduction, and circumduction (limited), wrist joint.

55
Q

saddle joint

A

allow movement around two axes that are right angles to each other, permit flexion extension ab/adduction, and circumduction (limited) carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

56
Q

pivot joint

A

allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone, permit rotation . atlanto-axial joint (c1 -c2)

57
Q

ball and socket joint

A

allow movement around multiple axes, permit flexion extension ab/adduction, circumduction, and roation, hip joint

58
Q

what two kind of solid joints are there

A

fibrous and cartilaginous

59
Q

what kind of fibrous joints are there

A

sutures
gomphoses
syndesmoses

60
Q

what are sutures and where do they occur

A

only in skull

adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue called sutural ligament.

61
Q

what are gomphoses and where do they occur

A

only between teeth and adjacent bone.

short collagen fiber in the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket.

62
Q

what is the syndesmoses adn 2 examples

A

two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament.
ligamentum flavum
interosseous membrane which links the ulan and radius.

63
Q

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses and symphyses

64
Q

what are synchondroses and where do they occur

A

at places where two ossification centers remain separated by a layer of cartilage. these joints allow bone growth and become completly ossified,

65
Q

what are sympheses adn 2 examples?

A

occur where two sepate bones are interconnected by cartilage. for example pubic symphysis and the intervertebral disc.

66
Q

what is the largest organ of the body

A

the skin

67
Q

out of what does skin consist, inner and outer

A

epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner)

68
Q

is the skin vascular

A

only the dermis is

69
Q

what is the epidermis

A

avascular epithelium

70
Q

what is the dermis

A

dense bed of vasucal connective tissue

71
Q

what is fascia and what does it contain?

A

connective tissue containing fat

72
Q

what is another name for superficial fascia

A

subcutaneous fascia

73
Q

to what is the superficial fascia attached ?

A

dermis

74
Q

functions of superficial fascia

A

movements of the skin over deeper areas, conduit for vessels and nerves, energy reservoir

75
Q

what is the difference between superfiscial and deep fascia (regarding the tissue)

A

superficial loose

deep dense and organised

76
Q

what are intermuscualr septa and what are they formded by

A

deep fascia, that compartmentalize groups of muscles with simular functions and nervation

77
Q

what is investing fascia

A

deep fascia, that surround individual muscles and groups of vessels and nerves.

78
Q

what is retinacula

A

thickened deep fascia near joints, that hold tendons in place and prevent them from bowing during movements

79
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum

A

membrane lining the abdominal wall

80
Q

what is the transversalis fascia

A

fascia covering the deep surfaces of the muscles of the abdominal wall.

81
Q

what is the extrapertioneal fascia

A

deep fascia separating the parietal peritoneum from the transversalis fascia

82
Q

what is the endothoracic fascia

A

fascia simialr to the extraperitoneal fascia

83
Q

what is somatic

A

relating to the body (wall)

84
Q

by what kind of nevers are skeletal muscles innervated>

A

somatic and branchial motor nevers

85
Q

by what is the cardiac muscle innervated

A

visceral motor nerves

86
Q

what is the tunica media)

A

smooth muscle wall of bloodvessels

87
Q

by what is smooth muscke innervated

A

visceral motor nerves

88
Q

are the muscles located in the eyeball smooth or skeltal

A

smooth

anatomy- the body (2 decks)

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