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Body Plan And Organisation > Body Plan And Organisation > Flashcards

Body Plan And Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 characteristics that enable organisms to support and maintain life?

A
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Differentiation
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2
Q

Metabolism

A

Biochemical reactions that occur within the body dividing into two phases:
* Catabolic
- Chemical reactions that breaks down complex substances into simpler substances (releases energy)
*Anabolic
- Chemical reaction that builds up simple substances into complicated substances (requires energy)

E.g digestion

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3
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste by products of metabolic reactions
- prevents substances from reaching toxic levels
E.g cells respire to release energy which produces co2 so to avoid build up of byproduct it is excreted when breathing out

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4
Q

Responsiveness

A

The ability for the human body to detect changes in the environment and make any appropriate responses
E.g burning hand on hot iron initiating withdrawal of hand

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5
Q

Movement

A

A change in position or location (not just physical movement but also internal)
E.g heart pumping blood

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6
Q

Reproduction

A

Formulation of new cells in the body in order for growth, repair or regeneration of damaged cells . Can also refer to fertilisation of an an egg by a sperm at the beginning of a new life

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7
Q

Growth

A

An increase in body size due to cell development and differentiation
An essential requirement for the development of various cells and tissues that make up the body

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8
Q

Differentiation

A

The process in which an unspecialised cell becomes specialised
E.g red blood cells and white blood cells arise from the same type of cell in the bone marrow

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9
Q

What are the 5 levels of organisation to understand the anatomy and physiology of the body ?

A

Chemical>Cellular>Tissue>Organ>System>Organism (the body)

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10
Q

Chemical level

A
  • Most basic level of structural organisation
  • human body is made up of chemical atoms (oxygen,carbon,nitrogen,hydrogen make up 96% of the body)
  • Atoms combine to form molecules E.g water, glucose and DNA
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11
Q

Cellular level

A
  • There are many different cells found in the body such as speed cells and nerve cells
    -the added chemical reactions in a cell makes up its structures and are confined within specific regions of the cell called organelles
  • E.g nucleus and mitochondria?
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12
Q

Tissue level

A

4 basic type of tissue cells:
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous

The function of a tissue is influenced not only by its constituent cells, but also by the extracellular material and intercellular connections.

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13
Q

Organ level

A
  • An organ is a structure composed of two or more different types of tissue.
    -Organs have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes, such as the bean shape of a kidney
    -Organs found in the body include the heart, brain, stomach, skin, and bones.
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14
Q

System

A
  • Related organs working for a common function is what constitutes a system. The digestive, nervous, and cardiovascular systems are all examples of this.
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15
Q

What are the 11 systems of the human body

A
  • Reproductive
  • Urinary
  • lymphatic
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Integumentary
  • Respitory
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular

All the systems are not only interrelated but also interdependent

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16
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • consists of skin and associated skin components e.g hair,sweat glands,sebaceous glands and nails
    * protects body from external environment
    * Excretes metabolic waste
    * Helps to make Vitamin D
    * pain, touch, dehydration and temp change
17
Q

Skeletal system

A
  • Consists of bones and cartilage associated with
    joints
    *protects the body
    *provides support and framework for muscles to act upon
    *Contains bone marrow for blood cells to develop in
    *stores minerals such as calcium
18
Q

Muscular system

A
  • Consist primarily of skeletal muscle, but there are also two other types of muscles, cardiac and smooth(found in hart, found in viscera)
  • enables the body to move by the action of opposing muscular contraction and relaxation it also maintains posture and plays a role in thermoregulation
19
Q

Nervous system

A
  • The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs, e.g. Eyes, ears, and taste buds . This system is divided into central nervous system (containing spinal cord a nerves) and peripheral nervous system (containing everything else).
  • Functions can be split into 3 stages, sensory, integrative and motor functions.
  • Sensory detects change in the internal and external environment, encoding them into electrical impulses, and transmitting them along the nerves.
  • Integrative processes electrical impulses and makes decisions either consciously or unconsciously
  • Motor functions activate effectors to induce an appropriate response to initial stimulus . This can be muscular movement or glandular secretions.
20
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • consists of endocrine organs and endocrine tissue embedded with organs. Endocrine organs include the pituitary, thyroid, pineal, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. Endocrine tissue is also found within the hypothalamus, pancreas, thymus, gonads, heart, stomach and small intestine.
  • Hormones alter the metabolism of targeted cells. The hormone can be very specific, affecting only one cell type, or very general, affecting many cell types
21
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

-The cardiovascular system consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels.

  • Pumps blood around the body through the blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove metabolic waste. Regulates the water content of body fluids, the acid-base balance, and the temperature of the body.
22
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic fluid (lymph), lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, lymph nodules, and thymus.
  • Responsible for transporting various substances; it takes lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood, and transports protein and fluids back to the bloodstream. It is also responsible for the development of lymphocytes, the cells responsible for fighting disease.
23
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • The respiratory system consists of air passageways: the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and the lungs.
  • Responsible for oxygen/carbon dioxide gas exchange with the blood and also involved in the regulation of acid-base balance and sound production.
24
Q

Digestive System

A
  • The digestive system consists of the digestive tract: the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine, as well as organs that assist digestion: the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
  • Responsible for the breakdown of ingested food, both physically and chemically, so that nutrients can be absorbed. It is also involved in the absorption of water and removal of undigested food.
25
Q

Urinary system

A
  • The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
  • Filters blood in order to extract metabolic waste and maintain the acid-base and mineral balance. It is also helps to regulate the production of red blood cells.
26
Q

Reproductive system

A
  • The The female reproductive system contains the gonads (ovaries), uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, and mammary glands. The male reproductive system contains the gonads (testes), epididymes, ductus deferens, penis, and scrotum.
  • Function Female gonads produce oocytes (the cells from which an egg develops) and also release hormones that regulate reproduction and development.
  • Male gonads produce sperm and release hormones that regulate reproduction and development.
  • Fertilization is the combination of a sperm and an oocyte, resulting in the formation of a new life.
27
Q

Homeostasis

A

-Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment.

  • for homeostasis to be achieved (temperature, salinity, ion concentration, oxygen levels, and pH ) condition must be regulated to within the normal limits of the set point range.
    Internal
28
Q

Feedback systems

A

-Involves both nervous and hormonal regulation and includes stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response, feedback

29
Q

Stimulus
(Feedback components)

A
  • A stimulus is any disruption or change in a controlled condition or environment.
    Eg change in temp, salinity ion concentration, oxygen levels and ph
30
Q

Receptor
(Feedback components)

A
  • A sensor within the body that monitors the surrounding environment and responds to a stimulus by sending information in the form of either a chemical or electrical signal, to a control Centre somewhere in the body.

E.g Mechanoreceptors (sense mechanical force), chemoreceptors (sense change in chemical composition), thermoreceptors (sense change in temperature), and photoreceptors (sense change in light).

31
Q

Control centre
(Feedback components)

A
  • A control center, also referred to as an intergrating center, is a region of the brain that receives information about the stimulus from the receptor, determines the appropriate response and relays information about the response to the effector. It is the control center that determines the set point around which the controlled condition is maintained.
    Eg hypothalamus and pituitary gland
32
Q

Effector
(Feedback components)

A
  • carries out response in structures within the body such as cell, tissue. Organ or system.
    E.g muscle, glands and organs
33
Q

Response
(Feedback components)

A
  • Negative feedback:
    A response is elicited to counteract or negate the stimulus

Positive feedback:
A response is elicited to promote the stimulus.

E.g Dilation/constriction of blood vessels, sweating, shivering, milk ejection, change in breathing rate, increased/decreased muscle contraction, increased/decreased hormone secretion, and increase/decrease in heart rate.

34
Q

Negative feedback

A

-If the response counteracts the stimulus, the response is halted. If the response is not strong enough to counteract the stimulus, the feedback loop begins again. Negative feedback repeats until the controlled condition is brought back to within the normal limits of its set point range.

E.g Thermoregulation

35
Q

Positive feedback

A
  • The positive feedback repeats, often increasing deviation from the set point or ideal normal value, until the original stimulus is removed.
    E.g Lactation
36
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

A
  • A disturbance in homeostasis outside the narrow boundaries usually controllable by feedback systems most often results in disease, or in severe cases, death.

Body Plan And Organisation (2 decks)

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