Body plan 11 & 12

Question 1

what is the key thing for organogenesis to occur?

Answer 1

• self organisation of cells

Question 2

what germ layers does Nodal specify?

Answer 2

Endoderm and mesoderm

Question 3

what does the ‘somite stage of development’ mean? (2)

Answer 3

• a specific phase of embryonic development characterised by the formation of somites
• more accurate way of staging embryos

Question 4

how to tell difference between hepatoblasts and biliary epithelium in molecular terms?

Answer 4

• Cytokeratin (CK19) is higher in biliary epithelium then hepatoblast cells

Question 5

what is the hepatic gene expression competence? (2)

Answer 5

• the ability of hepatic cells to activate and regulate expression of specific genes
• in response to developmental signals and environmental cues

Question 6

the main difference between epithelium cells and mesenchymal cells (2)

Answer 6

• epithelium cells are tightly compact
• mesenchymal cells are loose and migrate frequently

Question 7

what does EMT mean?

Answer 7

• Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Question 8

when does EMT occur in the development of the liver bud in mice?

Answer 8

• E8.75-9.25

Question 9

can mesenchymal cells turn into epithelial cells?

Answer 9

• yes, but not in the liver bud region area

Question 10

what is an organoid? (4)

Answer 10

something that resembles an organ, implying:
* multiple organ-specific cell types
* capable of recapitulating some specific function of the organ
* group together and spatially organized similar to an organ

Question 11

what are HUVECs and MSCs?

Answer 11

HUVECs = Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
MSCs = Mesenchymal Stem Celss

Question 12

MSCs role in mature liver: (3)

Answer 12

• Provide supportive matrix
• secrete growth factors and cytokines
• modulate microenvrionment

Question 13

how else can liver organoids be derived aside from iPSC/SCM method?

Answer 13

the liver itself - it can regenerate

Question 14

what is the difference between cell plasticity and cell interconversion?

Answer 14

cell plasticity:
* refers to the ability of a cell to change its phenotype, properties or function in response to various cues, signals or environmental changes

cell interconversion:
* refers to the process by which one type of cell transforms into another type of cell

Question 15

what does in Vitro mean?

Answer 15

an experiment conducted outside of the living organism