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NURSING > BM1022 > Flashcards

BM1022 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell biology of ‘prion’?

A
  • Infectious particle consisting of misfolded proteins.

- Causes neurodegenerative diseases.

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2
Q

What is the cell biology of ‘bacteria’?

A
  • Prokaryotes.
  • Simple, small, no defined nucleus or organelles.
  • Rapid reproduction by binary fission.
  • Free living.
  • Absorb nutrients from environment.
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3
Q

What is the cell biology of ‘virus’?

A
  • Very small.
  • No cell activity.
  • Can’t reproduce by binary fission.
  • Only have three components.
  • Not living.
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4
Q

What is the cell biology of ‘fungi’?

A
  • Eukaryotes.
  • Larger, more complex.
  • Nuclear membrane, organelles.
  • Moulds, yeasts.
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5
Q

What attributes of a virus are used to classify them?

A
  • Shape of capsid
    • Icosahedral.
    • Helical.
    • Complex.
  • Enveloped or not.
  • Type of genetic material.
    • DNA or RNA.
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6
Q

Identify a disease of clinical importance caused by: DNA Virus.

A
  • Chicken Pox.

- Hepatitis B.

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7
Q

Identify a disease of clinical importance caused by: RNA Virus.

A

-Rubella.

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8
Q

Identify a disease of clinical importance caused by: Gram Negative Bacteria.

A
  • E.Coli (UTI).

- Burkholderia Pseudomallei (Melioidosis).

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9
Q

Identify a disease of clinical importance caused by: Gram Positive Bacteria.

A
  • Staph.aureus (Skin Infections).

- Strep.pyogenes (Strep Throat).

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10
Q

Identify a disease of clinical importance caused by: Protozoa.

A

-Giardia, plasmodium (Malaria).

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11
Q

Identify a disease of clinical importance caused by: Fungi.

A
  • Tinea (Athlete’s Foot).

- Candida (Thrush).

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12
Q

Identify a disease of clinical importance caused by: Nematode.

A
  • Roundworm.
  • Pinworm.
  • Hookworm.
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13
Q

What is the cell biology of ‘protozoa’?

A

-Eukaryotes.
-Unicellular in nature, however, the single cell has highly complex functions.
-Parasites that derive nutrition directly from the body of living organisms.
Disease of clinical importance caused by protozoa is Malaria.

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14
Q

What is the cell biology of ‘nematode’?

A
  • Eukaryotic.

- Multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients from organic sources.

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15
Q

What factors need to be in place for an infectious disease to be established?
MICROBE.

A

Able to cause disease, pathogenicity.

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16
Q

What factors need to be in place for an infectious disease to be established?
ENVIRONMENT.

A

Issues that affect microbial survival and transmission must be in place.

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17
Q

What factors need to be in place for infectious disease to be established?
HOST.

A

The host must be susceptible to infection.

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18
Q

Describe the four points a microbe needs to accomplish to be a pathogen.

A

Gain entry to a host:
-Reservoir of infection.
-Mode of transmission.
-Portal of entry.
Attach and multiply:
-Use surface molecules to attach to host and stop
being expelled.
-Start replicating to build up numbers.
Evade host defences:
-EG. Capsule masks molecules on surface so phagocytic
cells can’t attach.
-Produce molecules that interfere with host defences.
-Constantly change surface molecules so adaptive
immune system don’t recognise new strain.
Cause damage to tissues:
-Produce toxins.

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19
Q

Provide an example and explain an ‘opportunistic infection’.

A

‘Opportunistic infections’ are described as infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in patients with weakened immune systems, such as HIV patients.
Example: Thrush (Candida Albicans)
-Environment changes (such as use of antibiotics) cause
microbe numbers to
increase such as the normal flora of
immunocompromised patients or use of antibiotics is
altered causing thrush.

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20
Q

In terms of infection, define ‘communicable’.

A

Infection transmitted from one host to another.

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21
Q

In terms of infection, define ‘endogenous’.

A

Origin of the infectious microbe has an internal cause. EG. Staph Aureus, bacterial vaginosis.

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22
Q

In terms of infection, define ‘exogenous’.

A

Origin of the infectious microbe has an external cause. EG. Syphilis.

23
Q

Describe HIV/AIDS in terms of the ‘reservoir of infection’, ‘mode of transmission’ and ‘portal of entry’.

A 
'Reservoir of infection': 
  -Infected humans. 
'Mode of transmission': 
  -Unprotected sex. 
  -Contaminated blood or needles. 
  -Mother-to-Child. 
'Portal of entry': 
  -Portal of entry depends on the mode of transmission.
24
Q

Describe UTI in terms of the ‘reservoir of infection’, ‘mode of transmission’ and ‘portal of entry’.

A

‘Reservoir of infection’:
-Endogenous infection, origin of infection is internal.
‘Mode of transmission’:
-Spread from bowel to urethra, mostly E.Coli.
‘Portal of entry’:
-The urethra.

25
Q

Describe bacterial pneumonia cause of strep pneumoniae in terms of the ‘reservoir of infection’, ‘mode of transmission’ and ‘portal of entry’.

A 
'Reservoir of infection': 
  -Healthy human carriers, nasopharynx of asymptomatic 
  humans. 
'Mode of transmission': 
  -Droplets or direct contact. 
'Portal of entry': 
  -The upper respiratory tract (URT).
26
Q

Describe Giardia in terms of the ‘reservoir of infection’, ‘mode of transmission’ and ‘portal of entry’.

A

‘Reservoir of infection’:
-Environment such as contaminated water, food,
surfaces, or objects.
‘Mode of transmission’:
-Drinking contaminated water, water borne.
‘Portal of entry’:
-Gastrointestinal system.

27
Q

Describe a four-point infection control strategy.

A
  1. Reduce reservoir of infection.
    - Reduce numbers of microbes.
  2. Prevent transmission.
  3. Prevent microbes establishing infection.
    - Vaccination.
  4. Treatment.
    - Clear infections.
28
Q

What are the main differences between ‘innate immunity’ and ‘adaptive (acquired) immunity’?

A

Innate immunity is early and non-specific.

Adaptive immunity is delayed but very specific.

29
Q

What is an ‘antigen’?

A

A toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
EG. Surface molecule of bacteria, virus, foreign blood cell.

30
Q

What is an ‘antibody’?

A

A protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects an antigen such as bacteria, viruses or foreign substances in the blood.

31
Q

Name cells associated with ‘innate immunity’.

A

Neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, basophils.

32
Q

Name cells associated with ‘adaptive immunity’.

A

B and T lymphocytes.

33
Q

What is function of ‘neutrophils’ in regard to immunology?

A

‘Neutrophils’ constantly patrol the organism for signs of microbial infections, and when found, these cells quickly respond to trap and kill the invading pathogens.

34
Q

What is the function of ‘monocytes’ in regard to immunology?

A

‘Monocytes’ attack and break down bacteria that enter the body. The plasma membrane engulf dead cells or foreign bacteria.

35
Q

What is the function of ‘macrophages’ in regard to immunology?

A

‘Macrophages’ phagocytose bacteria and secrete both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators.

36
Q

What is the function of ‘eosinophils’ in regard to immunology?

A

‘Eosinophils’ act as host defence against nematodes (roundworm, pinworm) and other parasitic infections.

37
Q

What is the function of ‘basophils’ in regard to immunology?

A

‘Basophils’ act as ‘immune surveillance’, having the ability to help detect and destroy some early cancer cells.

38
Q

What is the function of ‘phagocytes’ in regard to immunology? Name one phagocytic cell.

A

‘Phagocytes’ play a critical role in both the early and late stages of immune response, capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria. Phagocytes ‘eat’ foreign invaders.
Macrophage and neutrophil are phagocytic cells.

39
Q

Name the primary and secondary lymphoid tissues.

A

Primary: Thymus, bone marrow.
Secondary: Spleen, appendix, lymph nodes.

40
Q

What type of cells are found in the lymph nodes?

A
  • B cells.
  • T cells.
  • Dendritic cells.
  • Macrophages.
41
Q

What is complement? What are some of the consequences of complement activation?

A

Series of proteins circulating in the blood activated by bound antibody or recognition of pathogens. Assemble into complex and punch holes into membranes, enhances inflammation, encourages phagocytosis.

42
Q

Name four signs of acute inflammation.

A
  • Redness;
  • Swelling;
  • Heat;
  • Pain;
  • Loss of function.
43
Q

What is ‘pus’?

A

‘Pus’ is a mixture of dead and dying bacteria, neutrophils.

44
Q

What is the role of ‘cytokines’ in regard to immunology?

A

‘Cytokines’ initiate the inflammatory response and regulate the host defence against pathogens mediating the innate immune response. Cytokines are also cellular messengers communicating between white blood cells (WBC).

45
Q

What is a ‘fever’ and what are some of the positive effects of a fever?

A

A ‘fever’ is described as a systemic response to infection that resets the temperature regulating centre in hypothalamus so body temperature can remain elevated. Stimulates phagocytosis, speeds up repair processes (metabolic rate is higher), slows bacterial growth.

46
Q

What is humoral immunity? What is cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • Humoral immunity is antibody mediated.

- Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells.

47
Q

What does the term ‘serology’ mean?

A

Investigating the blood (serum or plasma), for evidence of infection.

48
Q

What are the four types of ‘hypersensitivity reaction’?

A

Type I: Reaction mediated by IgE antibodies.
-Immediate hypersensitivity or more commonly known
as ‘allergy’.
Type II: Cytotoxic reaction mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies.
-Cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to
tissues.
Type III: Reaction mediated by immune complexes.
Type IV: Delayed reaction mediated by cellular response.
-Occurs 48-72 hours after exposure to allergen.

49
Q

Name one major cell type associated with Type I hypersensitivity.

A

Mast cells and basophils are associated with Type I hypersensitivity.

50
Q

Name clinical signs of Type I hypersensitivity of allergy.

A

Hives, rash, itchy skin, runny nose, wheezing, swollen lips, tongue or face, sneezing.

51
Q

How is the Gram Stain used to classify bacteria?

A
  • Divides bacteria into Gram-Positive (blue/purple) or Gram-Negative (red/pink) based on composition of cell wall.
  • Gram-Positive have lots of peptidoglycan.
  • Usually observe shape: coccus, bacillus, spirochetes.
52
Q

What are ‘microbes’?

A
  • Tiny living things found all around us.
  • Microbes are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
  • Some microbes make us sick, others are important for our health.
53
Q

What are the ‘microbial factors’?

A

A wide range of molecules produced by pathogenic microorganisms, enhancing their ability to evade their host defences and cause disease.

NURSING (2 decks)

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