BLOOD

Question 1

mention the two compartments of body fluids and the constituents

Answer 1

intracellular fluids(ICF)-cytoplasm
extracellular fluids(ECF)-synovial fluid
cerebralspinal fluid
blood
lymph
viterous and acqueos humor
interstitial fluids

Question 2

define blood

Answer 2

is a fluid connective tissue containing blood cells ,plasma ,plasma proteins and other elements

Question 3

state the functions of blood ;3 points

Answer 3

#transportation
#protection
#regulation

Question 4

state the physical properties of the blood :5points

Answer 4

viscocity is more than water
temperature is 38c
pH is alkaline(7.35-7.45)
color varies with oxygen conc:bright red -high oxygen,dark red-low oxygen
volume:6-7L in male human and 4-5L in female

Question 5

mention the hormones that ensure blood volume and pressure remain relatively constant :3points

Answer 5

aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 6

what are the two components of the blood?

Answer 6

1. Blood plasma(91.5%water,8.5%solutes)

2. formed elements(blood cells and cell fragments)

Question 7

define homopoiesis

Answer 7

is the process of formation of blood cells

its also known as hematopoiesis

Question 8

what are the blood cells produced in the bone marrow?

Answer 8

all RBCs
all platelets
70% of WBCs

Question 9

what are the two types of stem cells

Answer 9

myeloid stem cells

lymphoid stem cells

Question 10

what are hemopoietic growth factors

Answer 10

are hormones which control differentiation and proliferation of progenitor cells

Question 11

what are progenitor cells

Answer 11

are more developed forms of stem cells that differentiate into a specific cells

Question 12

what are the two hemopoietic growth factors

Answer 12

erythropoietic

thrombopoietic

Question 13

what is the function erythropoietic (EPO) and site of production

Answer 13

it functions to stimulate the increase of RBC precursors (erythroblasts)
EPO are produced in the cells between the kidney tubules (peritubular interstitial cells)

Question 14

what is the function of thrombpoietic (TPO)

Answer 14

it functions to stimulate the rate at which platelets develpo from precursor megakaryoblasts

Question 15

What are the properties of RBCs :6 points

Answer 15

~have biconcave shape
~have a diameter of 6-8 micrometer
~20-30 trillion in number in adults
~have a lifespan of 120 days
~red in color due to spectral properties of hemic iron in hemoglobin

Question 16

what are the two parts of haemoglobin

Answer 16

globin: protein molecule with four polypeptide chains
heme: a ring with Fe3+ centre which can bind four oxygen molecules

Question 17

what are the function of haemoglobin

Answer 17

~transport oxgen (oxyhaemoglobin)
~transport carbondioxide ( carbaminohaemoglobin)
~regulate blood flow and pressure
~maintain pH by accepting hydrogen ion due to the presence of histidine which is a basic amino acid

Question 18

what is erythropoiesis

Answer 18

is a highly regulated multistep production of RBCs

Question 19

list the stages of development in erthropoiesis

Answer 19

proerythroblast—basophilic erythroblasts—polychromatic erythroblasts—orthochromatic erythroblasts—polychromatic erythroblasts(reticulocytes)

Question 20

define hypoxia

Answer 20

is a condition where cellular oxygen levels are lower than normal

Question 21

what is the other name for spleen

Answer 21

red blood cells graveyard

Question 22

how is iron transported in the blood

Answer 22

by transferrin protein Fe3+-transferrin complex

Question 23

how is iron stored in the liver

Answer 23

in form of ferritin