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African American Studies > Black Europe > Flashcards

Black Europe Flashcards

1
Q

What are e difficulties associated with counting how many black people there are in Europe?

A
  • difficulties in defining Europe
  • refusal of many nations (except UK and Ireland) to collect race data
  • estimates based on immigration data and birth data
  • failure to account for temporary residents
  • a lot of misinformation produced by people who seek to exaggerate numbers
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2
Q

Approximately how many Black people are in Europe according to Small?

A

7 million (out of 770 million)

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3
Q

Approximately how many black people are in the UK? France?

A

2 million each

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4
Q

Which countries does Small class as the ‘strident imperialists’ and what defines this class?

A

Strident imperialist have relatively large Black populations at present. They had an extensive, deeply exploitative and long-standing colonial involvement.

UK, France, Netherlands, Portugal and Belgium

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5
Q

What countries does Small class as ‘strident imperialists with relatively small black populations’ and what defines this classification?

A

Relatively small populations of black people. Extensive, deeply exploitative and long lasting colonial involvement

Spain, Italy and Germany

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6
Q

What countries does Small class as ‘peripheral colonial beneficiaries with negligible black populations’ and what defines this classification?

A

Relatively small black populations. Comparatively limited direct involvement in colonialism.

Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Republic of Ireland

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7
Q

What proportion of Black people in the UK live in Greater London?

A

60%

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8
Q

Where are the majority of Black people from in the UK, France and Netherlands?

A

The Caribbean and west Africa

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9
Q

Where are the majority of black people from in Denmark, Norway and Sweden?

A

The Horn of Africa

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10
Q

When do most analysts say that British immigration policies became explicitly racialised?

A

1940s - 1970s (post ww2)

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11
Q

There are two different academic views as to why Britain became increadingly racialised. What are they?

A
  1. (miles and Phizacklea) small racist pressure groups lead by politicans and involving members of the community
  2. (siviandan) as result of thae activities of the state - labour demands
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12
Q

What initial policies were there in Britain to encourage immigration from common wealth countries?

A

‘open door’ policy of British Rail, NHS, London Transport, and others to recruit labour (limited aid with housing, language and integration)

british nationality act of 1948 gave all commonwealth citizens the right to work, settle adn enter Britain

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13
Q

When were the notting hill riots and what were they a response to?

A

1958
a response to frequent attacks on black citizens by whites, ‘the colour bar’ at clubs and general racial tensions that made it hard for black people to live

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14
Q

What policies were implementated to restrict immigration in Britain from commonwealth countries?

A

1962, 1968 - commonwealth immigration act - required immigrants from the commonwealth to have work vouchers (specifically aimed at commonwealth citizens)
1960s and 70s - series of policies to institute the ‘new commonwealth’
1971 - immigration act under tory government

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15
Q

What polices in Britain were implemented in an attempt to alleviate racial tensions?

A

1965, 1968, 1976, 2000 Race relations act

national committee for commonwealth immigrants in the early 60s

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16
Q

What was the main affect on Race relations of the New labour government (90s-00s)?

A

heightened fears about refugees and asylum seekers - added new dimensions to notions of race
increased xenophobia

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17
Q

Drawing on Aitken’s article describe how the history of Black people in Germany provides an exception to middle passage epistemology?

A

Describes the experiences of black people (not slaves) in Germany.
Human zoos, educational vistors, political players
shows how blackness is defined in other contexts - michelle wright the physics of blackness.
Shows blackness as a sepctacle, othered in a different way
often came under the purveyorship of a white ‘guardian’

18
Q

What are the striking similarities between different countries in Black Europe?

A
  1. Ambiguous hyper(in)visibility - images of Black people are manily poor, criminials, sexworkers, refugees, black people suffering (Negative images) or as celebrities (mainly American), musicians (beyonce, Lady Leshur, Senebo Sey), atheltes (Jessica Ennis, Patricia Mimona)
  2. Entrenched Vulnerability - There isn’t a single area that black women are doing better than white women, Black people tend to be poorer and have a worse quality of life
  3. Institutional racisms - governmentally instituitoanlised racist policies (eg stop and search, restricted immigration, rise of the right wing in europe), racist traditions e.g. Black Piet in the Netherlands
  4. irrepressible resistance and resilience - protests, demonstrations, groups, organisations, opposition to unjust policies, development of knowledge and education on colonialism and its legacy, art
19
Q

How is Black Europe gendered?

A
  • images of black female body sexualised - interesecting forms of discrimination
  • black women tend to be more involved with the resistance, academic and resistance movement
  • mainly put in subordinate jobs (Public service sector eg nursing, private (domestic) servicce sector eg cooks, sex work)
  • women migrate differently because they are often tasked with looking after the children
20
Q

What characterises the black presence in Germany in the modern day?

A
  • no official census of black people, immigrants and children used as indictors
  • majority of black people are citizens, or legal residents
  • about 1 million black people
  • large numbers born in Germany
  • Growing numbers of nigerians since the 1990s
  • majority in cities (Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg)
  • large numbers of people of mixed black/white origins
  • limited studies of Race, conflation of race and race science, fears being seen as Nazi-like
  • Blackness and Germanness seen as incompatible
  • overrepresentation in negative images (poverty, unemployment) underrespresentation in movies, tv, etc
21
Q

What historical factors affect the experience of Black Germans?

A
  • 1884 Berlin Conference: Germany obtained the colonies of Cameroon, Togo, German East Africa, German Southwest Africa, the colonies were confiscated after world war 1 in 1918
  • Africans in Germany pre-1914 were there in small numbers (around 1000, mainly men) as participants in a spectacle, educational visitors or for political reasons
  • `ww2: motivated in part by Hitlers desire to regain the colonies, sterilisation, race science and eugenics
  • Lorde’s presence in Germany 1984
22
Q

Black German Knowledge production - discuss.

A
  • El Tayeb: challenges the notion of US as the exemplary case of diaspora identity, US is an anomoly
  • Difficult to discuss issues of race when government denied its existence
  • V Thompson: Radical Black analysis Germany, what do you do for Black people in places with very few Black people? Develop multicultural alliances, reach out to black diaspora
  • black studies overwhelmingly external
23
Q

What historical factors affect the experience of Black Swedes?

A
  • history of actively embracing eugenics and ‘racial hygiene’ 1922 Swedish institute for Race Biology
  • Swedish set up companies to colonise Africa and the Caribbean
  • play a ‘middle-man’ position in the slave trade which grew their economy rapidly in the 1880s [production/exports: wood, iron, farming, clothes, fish, maritime knowledge; imports: coffee, sugar, cotton, tabacco]
24
Q

What characterises the black presence in Sweden in the modern day?

A
  • no official census, ‘race’ talk ignored
  • UN study 2015 showed clear evidence of racial inequality
  • about 300,00 black people out of the 10 million population
  • majority of afro-swedes arrived in the 1990s
  • mainly muslims (at least 90%)
  • currently majority are citizens, or legal residents, significant numbers born in sweden
  • majority in cities, mainly stockholm
  • growing number of mixed people
  • stereotypes, housing and employment struggles
  • black people seen as either criminals/poor/immigrants or are musicians(eg Seinebo Sey)/athletes
  • resistance and organisation
  • 1 member of parliment that is Black Jallow Mamadou
25
Q

Black Swedish Knowledge production - discuss.

A
  • US shown to be a limited exceptional case
  • highlight the role of Sweden in the european colonial empire, disrupt the idea that sweden ‘didnt have that many’
  • Ylva Haber: race researcher at Uppsala University
  • Afro-swedish national association KITIMBWA SABUNI
26
Q

What characterises the black presence in Italy in the modern day?

A
  • Migration crisis [highly publicised], law in the EU is that the country that a refugee arrives in is the one that the person must file their claim for refugee title, which can take up to a year
  • economic under-development of Southern Europe
  • North/south divide (North more racist, rome more tolerant)
  • Rise of right wing politics parties
    (lega nord)
  • do not adopt citizenship through birth [adopt the citizenship of parents]
  • no race questions in census
  • around 330,00 black people
  • majority in cities especially rome
  • large groups of Romanian, Albanian, Moroccan, Chinese
  • eg denny mendez miss italy 1996 black, was met with a lot of controversy as it was argued that ‘she doesnt represent Italy’
27
Q

What historical factors affect the experience of Black Italians?

A
  • scientific racism [Cesare Lombroso Italian scientific racist 1835-1909]
  • mussoli, facism and nazism [whites as superior race]
  • italians had to prove their whiteness to north europeans [defensive whiteness]
28
Q

What was the Windrush generation in Britain?

A

in 1948 empire windrush ship with west indian migrants

2018 political scandal, detained, deported, died

29
Q

What is unique about the way that the UK discusses race as opposed to other countries in europe?

A

First and only explicit institiutional policies on race and immigration; assimilation/integration ; racism, equality, diversity, social cohesion, multiculturalism
other countries maintain a colour-blind, abandonment fo race talk approach, eg france’s focus on assimilation
Most nationally elected black politicians of any nation in europe - 17

30
Q

UK ambiguous visibiltiy?

A
  • The UK government discusses everything apart from black people
  • fixation on brexit and immigration policies [increased islamophobia and xenophobia]
  • black people are mainly viewed as immigrants, refugees, criminals; overrepresentation in prisons, council housing
31
Q

Describe how Black people have mobilised across the UK.

A
  • mobilised to secure explicit, sustained analysis, political action, policies and practice on race
  • inspired by perception of ‘black success’ in USA esp civil rights movements
  • fighting against the dominant political discourse
  • black organisations, operation black vote
  • black history tours
  • black womens groups eg Southall black sisters, brixton black sisters
  • pan african groups [pan african conferences from the 40s]
  • british black panthers
  • black national archives establishes
  • annual reports
32
Q

What are the recommendations that McEachrance makes regarding Race policy in Sweden?

A
  1. Sweden explicitly recognised race by using the term (has been replaced by ethnicity in the 2009 anti discrimination laws)
  2. Sweden explicitly recognised and monitors structural racism and the barriers it creates in allowing Black citizens access to employment, education and housing. Includes periodic surveys.
  3. Sweden explicitly recognised Sweden’s part in the slave trade and European colonialism. Education programmes must be implemented. DDPA must be implemented.
  4. Acknowlgement that people of African descent experience racial discrimination and efforts are made to protect their human rights
    (Includes recognition of a day of rememebrenace) (includes looking at the gendered dimensions of racial discrimination)
33
Q

What, according to Virdee and McGeever, are the two main rhetorics of the Leave Campaign (Brexit) that achieved its success?

A
  1. Imperial longing to restore Britain’s place in the world
  2. Narrative of retreating from the globalising world in order to retain Britishness

(Both of these dimensions involved the activation of racialised structures and involved debates about immigration vs national belonging- politicisation of blackness)

34
Q

What was the Vote Leave slogan? What does this indicate?

A

“Let’s take back control”

Shows both a nostalgia for empire - suggesting there was was a control and- and a desire to self identify as British over other layers of identity (autonomy)

35
Q

How did the campaign efforts of Leave.EU differ from Vote Leave?

A

Vote leave was the more official one (Boris Johnson) that aimed at securing autonomy for Britain by whipping up an imperial nostalgia

Leave.EU’s (UKIP Nigel Farage) approach was more insular. Articulated a narrative of British nationalism - “Britain for the British” which focused on concerns with immigration and the construction of migrant as economic threat - “they come here and take our jobs” and terrorist threat. The ‘breaking point’ poster.

36
Q

What is the main role played by the state in ‘race relations’ in Germany?

A
  • The state was directly involved in colonialism [berlin conference 1884, cameroon, togo, german SW africa, german E africa] [theses colonies were confiscated after ww1]
  • eugenics and race science developed
  • colour blind apporach [no official race data collected] [studies of race viewed as illegitimate, conflation of race and race science]
  • very minimal education on colonialism
37
Q

What is El Tayeb’s main argument?

A

challenges notion of US as the exemplary case of diaspora identity

38
Q

What is Middle Passage Epistemology?

A

According to El Tayeb, middle passage epistemology is the common idea by african diaspora theorists that locates the slave trade as the essential shared moment in history that shaped the entire african diaspora identity. This type of approach is very exclusive and erases many other identities. El Tayeb argues, in line with Michelle Wright, that the african diasporic identity is dependent on time and space.

39
Q

What are the four main reasons that Black people were in Germany pre-1914, according to Aitken?

A
  1. Travel for labour purposes eg personal servants accompanying masters, language assistants
  2. Participants in a human zoo
  3. Educational visits
  4. political visits
40
Q

What are the three domains of work that black women in Europe typically occupy?

A
  1. Public service sector - hospitals, nurses, hotels, cleaning
  2. Private (domestic) service sector - cooks, maids, nannies
  3. sex work

African American Studies (1 decks)

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