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biomedicine > biomedicine > Flashcards

biomedicine Flashcards

1
Q

chronic cold fingers & toes?
which anatomical structure is affected?

A

raynaud’s disease

blood vessel constricts & reduces blood flow to extremities. 2 types: primary; secondary (autoimmune)

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2
Q

LDL & HDL
low HDL & high LDL

A

risk factor for coronary heart disease

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3
Q

irregular heart beat
what device to monitor heart?

A

arrhythmia
holter monitor

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4
Q

intermittent claudication

too little or too much blood flow in arteries?
main sx?

A

too little
cramping (during exercise)

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5
Q

lub dub

LUB: ______ valve & _____ valve snap shut (first heart sound S1); _______ & _______ valve are opening

A

lub dub

LUB: tricuspid & mitral valve snap shut (first heart sound S1); pulmonic & aortic valve are opening

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6
Q

lub dub

DUB: ______ and _____ valve snap shut (second heart sound S2); _____ and _____ valve are opening

A

lub dub

DUB: pulmonic & aortic valve snap shut (second heart sound S2); tricuspid & mitral valve are opening

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7
Q

atrial fibrillation vs. ventricular fibrillation

A

atrial fibrillation: chaotic electrical signals in heart affecting upper chambers

ventricular fibrillation: affecting lower chambers
–> more severe; 911

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8
Q

chest pain worse w/ exertion, better w/ rest; can feel pressure in chest w/ nausea, SOB, sweating, dizziness

A

angina pectoris

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9
Q

chest pain starts off worse w/ exertion & better w/ rest, but now occurs even at rest

A

unstable angina

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10
Q

redness, warmth, pain, swelling in one limb
Homan’s test is positive

A

deep vein thrombosis

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11
Q

intermittent claudication, pain, achiness, cramping all better w/ rest & worse going uphill, poplitial, post-tibial or dorsal pedis pulse may be absent, painful, cold, numb limbs, poor capillary refill, poor hair growth, dry, scaly skin on extremities, prone to leg, heel or toe ulcers

A

PAD = peripheral atherosclerotic disease

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12
Q

orthostatic hypertension

A

feeling faint or passing out when going from sitting to standing

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13
Q

rapid breathing, SOB, palpitation, rapid heartbeat, low BP, loc or lightheadedness, cold sweat

A

cardiogenic hypotension or shock. call 911 & remove all needles

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14
Q

know cause of hypertension. primary or secondary?

A

secondary

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15
Q

BP
low risk
medium risk
high risk

A

low risk: 120/80
medium risk: 121-134/80-84
high risk: 135+/85+

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16
Q

chest pain longer than 30 minutes radiating down left arm

A

myocardial infarction

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17
Q

sudden severe headache w/ stiff neck & photophobia. patient may describe as worst headache of their life. might pass out.

bleeding between brain & tissues that cover it

“thunderclap headache”

A

subarachnoid haemorrhage

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18
Q

worst headache; stiff neck, vomiting, sudden high fever, does not pass out, confusion, sleepiness or difficulty waking up, sensitivity to light

A

bacterial meningitis

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19
Q

seizure that occurs as a side effect to a medication

A

provoked seizure

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20
Q

seizure w/ blank out, staring

A

petit mal seizure

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21
Q

seizure: might start w/ auras, deja vu, dizziness, weird emotions

A

tonic-clonic (grand mal seizure)

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22
Q

quick loss of consciousness w/ sudden tensing of muscles; lasts a few seconds

A

tonic seizure

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23
Q

seizure: alternating quick contraction & relaxation of muscles causing twitching to violent shaking; eyes roll back in head; tongue could be damaged; possible incontinence; postictal sleep follows seizure & person has confusion or memory loss upon regaining consciousness

A

clonic seizure

tx: if LOC more than 5 minutes or repeated, call 911

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24
Q

slurred speech, vision trouble, dizziness, balance or coordination issues, numbness in face, arm or leg usually one side of body, worse case scenario fainting or seizure

A

stroke

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25
Q

cerebrovascular attack which permanently damages brain tissue due to ischemia (lack of O2 leading to death of tissue) in excess of 4 minutes

A

stroke (CVA)

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26
Q

most common vessel involved in stroke

A

cerebral artery

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27
Q

stroke: wet type vs. dry type

A

wet: aneurism, trauma, vascular malformation; keep BP low

dry: blood clot, thrombosis or embolus; coumadin, aspirin

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28
Q

ministroke characterized by sensation of weakness or numbness on face of one side of body confusion, slurred speech, garbled speech, memory loss, difficulty swalling, dysphagia, balance issues, vertigo/dizzy, vision loss or double vision

A

TIA = transient ischemic attack

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29
Q

bell’s palsy vs. stroke

A

bell’s palsy can’t wrinkle forehead; stroke is movement

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30
Q

abdo pain, severe pain radiating to low back or lower abdomen; pain worse when lying down, better when bent forward. can also have nausea, vomiting, bloating, fever; pain is episodic.

A

pancreatitis; refer to PCP in next weeks

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31
Q

pain in right hypochondriac region that may radiate to right scapula w/ nausea, vomiting, sweat, possible epigastric pain

A

cholecystitis

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32
Q

frequent blood diarrhea w/ abdo & rectal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting. usually w/ infected food

A

bacterial dysentery

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33
Q

IBS characterized by severe chronic diarrhea, crampy abdo pain, fever, no appetite w/ weight loss. tender abdomen, palpable mass or fullness. rectal bleeding is unusual.

A

crohn’s disease

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34
Q

upper abdo pain that is dull but persistent, bloating after eating, nausea, belching, weight loss, low appetite or feeling full quickly. lots of coffee/alcohol intake.

disease name?
what is inflammed?
causes?
treatment?

A

chronic gastritis
stomach lining inflammed
diet, stress, H. pylori
tx: proton-pump inhibitors, zantac, h2 antagonists, tums, alka seltzer

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35
Q

stomach ulcers most often due to?

A

h. pylori (helicobacter pylori)

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36
Q

what quadrant is diverticulitis or diverticulosis?

A

LLQ

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37
Q

crampy abdo pain that comes & goes, loss of appetite, constipation, vomit, swelling of abdo, inability to pass gas.
disease?
refer?

A

bowel obstruction
ER

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38
Q

productive cough w/ white, yellow or green mucus, SOB, wheezing, prolonged expiratory phase of breathing, lung hyperinflation manifested as decreased heart & lung sounds, frequent lung infections, low energy, weight loss, barrel chest at end of disease.

A

COPD

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39
Q

blue bloater vs pink puffer

A

blue bloater: chronic bronchitis
(decreased oxygen in the body –> skin and lips taking on a blueish tint)

pink puffer: emphysema
(difficulty catching breath –> temporary redness in face)

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40
Q

irreversible changes to alveoli which are enlarged and destroy alveolar walls

A

emphysema

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41
Q

finger clubbing causes

A

lung cancer, celiac, cirrhosis, grave’s, cystic fibrosis

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42
Q

productive cough for at least 3 months for more than 2 consecutive years

A

chronic bronchitis

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43
Q

slow disease progression, cough w/ green or yellow sputum esp upon waking; eventually can be blood streaked sputum, sweat, night sweats w/ or w/o fever

A

TB. report to public health department

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44
Q

patient has COPD, check O2 levels w/ ______

A

pulse oximeter

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45
Q

severe SOB, wheezing, tightness in chest, not enough air to walk or talk, blue lips/fingers d/t low O2, confusion

cause?
meds?

A

asthma

cause: environmental triggers
meds: short acting or long acting bronchodilators (eg. albuterol)
long term prevention of inflammation: non-steroidals or corticosteroids (eg. advair)

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46
Q

CPR for adults, kids, babies

A

30 compression per 2 breaths

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47
Q

cancer: difficulty swallowing w/ pain in epigastrium & behind sternum w/ weight loss, low energy

A

esophageal cancer

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48
Q

bone pain w/ swelling, redness, loss of function w/ weight loss; possible lace-like bones

A

osteosarcoma (aka osteogenic sarcoma aka bone cancer)

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49
Q

rough scaly patch on skin that develops after years of sun exposure, often found on face

A

actinic keratosis

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50
Q

ABCDE of skin cancer (malignant melanoma)

A

asymmetry
border irregularities
color changes
diameter (over 6cm)
evolving

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51
Q

most common skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma

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52
Q

blistering skin sore. basal, squamous or malignant melanoma?

A

squamous

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53
Q

which skin cancer is more common above the nose

A

basal d/t more sun exposure

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54
Q

breast swelling, skin dimpling (peau d/orange), breast/nipple pain, nipple retraction, skin that is flaking or red or dry or thickening, swollen lymph nodes

A

breast cancer;
painless lumps sx of early-stage breast cancer

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55
Q

SOB, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, weight loss

A

colon/rectal cancer

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56
Q

hard lump on testicle w/ weight loss

A

testicular cancer

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57
Q

most common type of cancer

A

lung

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58
Q

swollen parotid glands w/ high fever, headache, muscle ache, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, pain when chewing or swallowing

bacterial or viral?
meds?

A

mumps aka epidemic parotitis

viral
no meds; only vaccine

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59
Q

childhood disease w/ fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, headache, rash that turns into itchy fluid filled blister that turns into scabs

A

chickenpox

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60
Q

chills, fevers, sore throat, mild cough –> turning into severe cough that is loud w/ gasping sound b/t cough

A

whooping cough (si feng)

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61
Q

abrupt start w/ septicemic phase w headache, severe muscular aches, chills, fever, cough, pharyngitis, chest pain; sometime hemoptysis.

second immune phase has same sx as first but now can develop meningitis or pulmonary hemorrhaging, liver or kidney damage

spread from animals or contaminated water

A

leptospirosis
tx: penicillin, anti-bx

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62
Q

fever, chills, cough muscle aches untreated can cause liver fibrosis or bladder cancer. transmitted via freshwater snails that carry this parasite.

A

schistosomiasis

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63
Q

chronic neurodegenerative disease: relapsing & remitting sx of paresthesia in one or more extremities in trunk or side of face w/ visual disturbances (partial loss of vision or pain in one eye), weakness or clumsiness of leg or hand, pain, urinary incontinence, apathy, poor judgment, depression.

A

MS
lesions on CNS (spinal cord or medulla) shown in MRI

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64
Q

rigidity or trembling of head & limbs, shuffling gait, balance issues, stuttering, sleep problems, trouble thinking, muscle stiffness

A

parkinson’s

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65
Q

vitamin: blood clotting problems

A

vitamin K

66
Q

vitamin: retinol
+ night blindness; - hepatotoxicity

A

vitamin A

67
Q

vitamin: calciferol
- rickets, osteomalacia, muscle weakness, bone pain

A

vitamin D

68
Q

vitamin: tocopherol
- skin problems

A

vitamin E

69
Q

vitamin: thiamine
- beriberi

A

vitamin B1

70
Q

vitamin: riboflavin
- lesions at corners of mouth (aka stomatitis)

A

vitamin B2

71
Q

vitamin: niacin
- 4 D’s

A

vitamin B3

72
Q

vitamin: folic acid
- anemia, neural tube defects

A

vitamin B9

73
Q

vitamin: cobalamin
- pernicious anemia

A

vitamin B12

74
Q

vitamin: absorbic acid
- scurvy, slow healing sores

A

vitamin C

75
Q

vitamin: biotin
- skin problems, loss of hair

A

vitamin H

76
Q

vitamin: fat soluble

A

ADEK

77
Q

vitamin: water soluble

A

BCH

78
Q

sudden rapid intense pain that comes in waves, localized over right abdomen, pain is centered in abdomen or pain below breast bone or between shoulder blades or over right shoulder. pain can last several minutes to hours. w/ fever, vomit, possible jaundice.

A

gallbladder stones. bile duct blocked.

79
Q

swollen abdomen like drum, edema, brown urine, yellow sclera & skin, fatigue, easy bruising or bleeding, nausea, vomit, weight loss, feet/ankle/leg edema, itchy skin

A

liver cirrhosis

80
Q

osteoarthritis vs. rheumatoid arthritis
- asymmetrical?
- autoimmune?
- small joints vs large weight bearing joints?

A

osteoarthritis: asymmetrical, small joints
RA: autoimmune, large joints

81
Q

gout
sx?
meds?

A

big toe mostly, high uric acid, worse at night; meds: allopurinol

82
Q

one vertebra that slips over vertebra below it. late stages can cause neuropathy & pain when pinches nerve

A

spondylolisthesis

83
Q

jaw pain w/ fever, worse after chewing, tenderness at scalp or temples w/ vision problems

A

temporal arthritis

84
Q

jaw pain on one or both sides, aching around or in ear, difficult chewing, facial pain, locking of jaw joint

A

TMJ

85
Q

test for medial/lateral meniscus

A

McMurray’s test

86
Q

what part of brain is stimulated w/ acupuncture?

A

spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus, limbic system, prefrontal cortex

87
Q

what part of brain processes emotions, regulates autonomic motor functions & behaviour?

A

cingulate gyrus

88
Q

anorexia, nausea & vomit, weight loss, stomatitis, yellow brown skin, itching, inconsistent urine output, SOB, fatigue, blood in urine, increased nighttime urine, insomnia, swollen ankles, feet or hands, muscle twitch & cramps

A

chronic renal failure/kidney disease

89
Q

kidney disease. what tests? treatment?

A

test: elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), raised creatinine level, check ultrasound for enlarged kidney

tx: ACE inhibitors, betablockers (hypertension goes along w/ this); diuretics, low salt & protein diet, dialysis

90
Q

autoimmune
body attacks thyroid cells as if they were a bacteria, virus, foreign body

A

hashimoto’s (hypothyroidism)

91
Q

autoimmune
rheumatic disorder; scarring in skin, joints & internal organs, blood vessel abnormalities w/ sx like swelling of fingers, joints freezing in permanent positions, damage to GI, lungs, heart, kidney…may develop

A

scleroderma

92
Q

autoimmune
start w/ rash, headache, chills & fever, progresses to arthritis, cardiac & neurological issues

A

lyme’s disease

93
Q

severe fatigue, sore throat, fever swollen lymph nodes in neck & armpits, swollen tonsils, headaches & rash. causes spleen to soften & swell. “kissing” disease.

disease name?
virus?

A

mononeucleosis
epstein barr virus

94
Q

autoimmune
goiter or nodule, exophthalmos (eye bulge), nervous, palpitations, hyperactivity, sweating, fatigue, weight loss, insomnia, weakness, frequent BM?

A

grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism)

95
Q

autoimmune
sensory issues or motor issues, vision problems, stiff muscles & weakness, mobility problems, pain problems w/ thinking, learning or planning, depression & anxiety?

A

MS

96
Q

joint pain, swelling, stiffness, swollen salivary glands, skin rashes or dry skin, inability to produce tears, vaginal dryness, persistent dry cough w/ prolonged fatigue

A

sjorgren’s

97
Q

autoimmune
widespread pain for more than 3 months w/ fatigue & sleep issues

A

fibromyalgia

98
Q

autoimmune
chronic inflammation of proximal portion of small intestine in response to exposure to gluten

A

celiac

99
Q

autoimmune
symmetrical arthralgia, swollen joints, butterfly rash, raynauds

A

lupus

100
Q

autoimmune
inflammation of tissue such as joints, heart, chest pain, abnormal heartbeat, tired, fever over 38C , flat red rash w/ jagged edges, unexplained ongoing headache, jerky movements, muscle pain, swollen red tonsils

disease name?
complication of?
location affected?

A

rheumatic fever
complication of scarlet fever or strep throat
bicuspid/mitral valve affected

101
Q

slight rapid & deep breathing w/ dull pale complexion & fatigue, irregular heartbeat, dizziness & lightheadedness, chest pain, cold hands & feet

A

anemia

102
Q

most likely cause of microcytic anemia? most common.

A

iron deficiency

103
Q

anemia d/t bone marrow damage, prevents body from producing new blood cells w/ sx like fatigue, uncontrolled bleeding & more prone to infections

A

aplastic anemia

104
Q

anemia d/t genetic issue

A

sickle cell

105
Q

inability to absorb B12

A

pernicious anemia

106
Q

alcoholic anemia d/t?

A

folate or B12 deficiency

107
Q

hereditary blood disease: over absorption of iron –> underactive thyroic, chronic fatigue, organ failure, joint pain, infertility…may cause cancer

A

hemochromotosis

108
Q

hyperglycemia where there is decreased level of consciousness, confusion, hallucinations, excessive thirst, dry mucus membranes, warm dry skin, fever, high blood sugar

A

non-ketonic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma aka diabetic coma

109
Q

breakdown of RBC faster than bone marrow can produce them

A

hemolysis

110
Q

WBC = leukocytes –> for immunity
allergic rxns?
parasite infections?
bacterial/fungal infections?
viral infections & inflammation?
chronic infections?
largest amount in body?

A

allergic rxns? basophils
parasite infections? eosinophils
bacterial/fungal infections? neutrophils
viral infections & inflammation? lymphocytes
chronic infections? monocytes
largest amount in body? neutrophils 60-70%

big apple, every person can, no body fails (to) love, my city b

basophil allergic rxn
eosinophil parasite cancer
neutrophil bacteria fungal
lymphocyte viral
monocyte chronic bacterial

111
Q

breast swelling during ovulation, lumps that come & go w/ menstrual cycle, pain tenderness, thickening of breast tissue

A

fibrocystic breasts

112
Q

amenorrhea, infertility, hirsutim (body hair) & high BP

A

PCOS

113
Q

missed period for more than 3 weeks w/ history of PID & lower abdo pain or sharp sudden pelvic or low back pain. pain refer to shoulder girdle. rebound tenderness

A

ectoptic pregnancy

114
Q

affects mostly 30-40 y/o menstruating people, worse pre-menstrual, can cause infertility

A

endometriosis

115
Q

swollen vagina w/ redness, itching pain during intercourse, foul smelling discharge

A

vulvovaginitis

116
Q

pain during intercourse

A

dyspareunia

117
Q

lower abdo or pelvic pain w/ fever, difficulty urination, foul smelling d/c, pain during intercourse

name?
inflammation of?
common cause?

A

salpingitis
inflammation of fallopian tube
gonorrhoea and chlamydia

118
Q

heavy menstrual bleeding w/ longer periods lasting more than 1 week, frequent urination, difficulty emptying bladder, constipation, backache, leg pain

A

uterine fibroid aka leiomymoa

119
Q

placenta previa. attached to upper or lower part of uterus?

A

lower

120
Q

amenorrhea. lack of periods for how many consecutive months?

A

3 months

121
Q

vaginal bleeding during which trimester of pregnancy considered normal?

A

first trimester

122
Q

frequent urination w/ weak stream urine, dribbling, scanty urine output, urinary retention in men

A

BPH benign prostate hyperplasia

123
Q

TCM stranguria is what disease in western medicine?

A

UTI

124
Q

one sided rash that starts w/ tingling –> burning pain; eventually blisters form that ooze & crust over

name?
TCM pattern?
refer?

A

herpes zoster
toxic damp heat or damp-heat in LR/GB
same day referral to MD

125
Q

UV light used by doctor to make dx & differentiate b/t types of tinea

A

wood’s lamp

126
Q

antipsychotic meds block which neurotransmitter in brain?

A

dopamine

126
Q

celexa, zoloft, paxil (SSRI) used for:

A

depression

126
Q

impaired ability to remember, think or make decisions that interferes w/ doing everyday activities

A

dementia/alzheimers

127
Q

antidepressant meds block which neurotransmitter in brain?

A

serotonin

128
Q

endocrine
puffy face, course dry hair, feels cold, fatigue, weight gain, depression, slow movements/thoughts, muscle craps, loss of lateral 1/3 of eyebrow. too much or too little thyroid hormones?

A

too little thyroid hormones. hypothyroidism

129
Q

high levels of T4

A

hyperthyroidism

130
Q

too much cortisol

A

cushing’s

131
Q

too little cortisol

A

addison’s

132
Q

hormone that increases water reabsorption

A

ADH

133
Q

hormone that decreases blood calcium
hormone that increases blood calcium

A

increase: calcitonin
decrease: parathyroid hormone

134
Q

hormone that increases blood glucose
hormone that decreases blood glucose

A

increase: glucagon
decrease: insulin

135
Q

increase urine, thirst, appetite.
complication?

A

diabetes
blindness, glaucoma, cataracts, neuropathy

136
Q

swelling of lymph nodes in jaw, armpits, groin, possible red streaks around swellings

A

lymphangitis

137
Q

headache eye pain, blurry or haloed vision w/ nausea & vomiting.
disease?
refer?

A

closed angle glaucoma
PCP or semi-urgent same day. can lead to total loss of vision

138
Q

sore swollen throat, drooling, SOB, high fever, inspiration stridor (harsh vibrating noise when breathing), can cause child to sit upright lean forward w/ hyperextended neck
disease?
refer?

A

acute epiglottis
ER. can lead to respiratory obstruction & death

139
Q

bradykinesia, bradypnea, bradycardia

A

bradykinesia: slow movement
bradypnea: slow breathing
bradycardia: slow heartbeat

140
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing or constricting of an opening

141
Q

large blister on skin filled w/ clear fluids
when filled w/ blood?

A

bullae; hemorrhagic bullae

142
Q

imaging test for soft tissue & bones

A

MRI

143
Q

hypertension meds (ABCDs)

A

ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics

inderal, norvasc, lasix

144
Q

thrombosis meds

A

anticoagulants
warfarin, coumadin, heparin

145
Q

depression meds

A

SSRIs, MAO inhibitors
effexor, celxa, prozac, zoloft, paxil

146
Q

advil, ibuprofen, NSAIDS (inflammation)
NSAIDS precautions

A

upper GI disorders; renal or hepatic impairment

147
Q

anxiety meds

A

zanax, valium (NOT for psychosis)

148
Q

diabetes meds

A

glucophage, metformin

149
Q

cipro, zithromax

A

antibiotics

150
Q

corticosteroids (inflammation)

A

presnidone

151
Q

stools:
black tarry non stinky?
blood red?
pale?
silvery?
pencil thin, ribbon-like?

A

black tarry non stinky? upper GI bleeding
blood red? colon/rectal tumor or cancer, diverticulitis, hemorrhoids
pale? pancreatic disease
silvery? pancreatic cancer
pencil thin, ribbon-like? colon, anal cancer

152
Q
  1. drug effects on body
  2. interaction of drugs & subcellular components
  3. drug concentration in tissues & blood over period of time
  4. study of harmful chemicals & effects on body
A
  1. pharmacodynamics - drug effects on body
  2. molecular pharmacology - interaction of drugs & subcellular components
  3. pharmacokinetics - drug concentration in tissues & blood over period of time
  4. toxicology - study of harmful chemicals & effects on body
153
Q

non-narcotic analgesic: acetaminophen

A

tylenol, panadol

154
Q

analgesic & NSAID

A

ASA (aspirin), ibuprofen (advil, motrin…), naproxen, etc.

155
Q

encephalitis vs. meningitis

A

encephalitis: inflammation of brain
meningitis: inflammation of membraines protecting brain & spinal cord

156
Q

bacterial infection d/t salmonella typhi

A

typhoid fever aka enteric fever

157
Q

bacterial pneumonia d/t streptococcus pneumoniae
cough, SOB, rapid breathing, chest pain, muscle aches

A

pneumococcal pneumonia

158
Q

rapid onset muscle weakness caused by immune system damaging peripheral nervous system; both sides of body involved; sx begin in feet & hands, spread to arms & upper body

A

guillain-barre syndrome

159
Q

leukopenia & agranulocytosis

A

leukopenia: low WBC
agranulocytosis: acute condition involving severe & dangerous lowered WBC causing neutropenia in circulating blood

biomedicine (2 decks)

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