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INTRO TO BME fall '24 > BioM exam 2 study guide > Flashcards

BioM exam 2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

biomechanics

A

-the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

-combing applied mechanics with biology and physiology

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2
Q

examples of biomechanics applications

A

– tissue engineering
– orthopedics
– rehab/physical therapy/sport
medicine/exercise science
– ergonomics
– cardiovascular mechanics
– soft tissue mechanics
– cell mechanics
– molecular mechanics
– mechanotransduction

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3
Q

structure of skeletal muscle

A

from innermost part to outermost:
-myofibril (containing actin and myosin)
-muscle fibre (muscle cell, endomysium)
-fascicle (perimysium)
-muscle (epimysium)

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4
Q

the only tissue capable of actively developing force

A

muscle

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5
Q

muscle fibre/cell components

A

-myofibril
-sarcomere
-actin (thin) & myosin (thick) myofilaments

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6
Q

spaced along sarcolemma of muscle fibre are inpocketings that form _____ of ______ which terminate near Ca^2+ filled sacs of the _______

A

tubules, t-sytem, sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

each action potential created @ ______ sweeps quickly along _______ (membrane) and is carried into the ___________

A

neuromuscular junction, sarcolemma, t-system

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8
Q

sliding filament model (muscle contraction)

A

1) long muscle sends electric signal to muscle fibre but does not bind to it –> creates neuromuscular junction

2) action potential runs through T-tubules and reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum, which stores Ca^2+, so Ca^2+ is released

4) myosin heads can bind to actin molecules using the Ca^2+ that is released, which releases troponin and tropomyosin complex (think of key in bike lock) - CROSS BRIDGE

6) ATP is converted into ADP and Pi, and this energy released pulls actin past myosin, creating a “power stroke” and contracting the muscle

7) actin & myosin crossbrigdes break because of ATP binding to myosin head, then it repeats when ATP breaks down into ADP and Pi so then the myosin heads can bind to actin active site!

*titin is the spring-like molecule that brings the myofibril back after contraction occurs

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9
Q

what regulates actin myosin
binding

A

calcium (Ca^2+)

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10
Q

moment arm

A

perpendicular distance from an axis to the line of action of a force (usually muscle)

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11
Q

moment =

A

force * distance

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12
Q

(hw 3) first class lever example

A

head & neck nodding

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13
Q

(hw 3) second class lever example

A

standing on tip toe (ankle)

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14
Q

(hw 3) third class lever example

A

bicep flexion (elbow)

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15
Q

(hw 3) thick filament(s)

A

myosin

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16
Q

(hw 3) thin filament(s)

A

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

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17
Q

epiphyasis

A

bears load of the body, cancellous bone

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18
Q

diaphysis

A

compact bone (provides protection and strength)

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19
Q

cortical bone

A

made up of lamellae consisting of collagen fibrils (more dense and mechanically stronger than trabecular bone)

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20
Q

synarthrodial joint

A

do not allow relative moment, ex: skull

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21
Q

amphidromical joint

A

allow some movement, ex: vertabrae

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22
Q

diarthrodial joint

A

allow varying degrees of movement, ex: hip, shoulder)

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23
Q

fixed joint

A

-generates force & moment constraints in all 3 directions
-examples: skull, teeth & jaw

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24
Q

ball & socket joint

A

-generates force constraints in all 3 directions but NOT MOMENT CONSTRAINTS
-examples: hip & shoulder

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25
Q

hinge joint

A

-generates force & moment constraints in all 3 directions
-examples: elbow & knee

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26
Q

elbow joint (3 parts)

A

humorous (hinge), humerorodial (hinge), proximal radioulnar (pivot)

27
Q

bicep

A

flexor muscle, flexion at elbow

28
Q

tricep

A

extensor muscle, extension of forearm

29
Q

when you flex, what happens to bicep & tricep?

A

bicep contracts, tricep relaxes (extends)

30
Q

strain calculation

A

change in length/original length

31
Q

stress calculation

A

force/area –> (area= width*thickness)

32
Q

types of stress

A

-tension
-compression
-torsion
-shear
-bending

33
Q

young’s modulus calculation

A

stress/strain (linear part of the curve)

34
Q

stiffness calculation

A

force/deformation (contains an elastic/linear region and a plastic/curved region)

35
Q

damage occurs at the _____ and rupture (failure) occurs at the _____

A

yield point (b/t elastic and plastic region), ultimate yield point

36
Q

which of the following increases with increasing cross sectional area, and which is independent of area?
a) young’s modulus
b) stiffness

A

stiffness depends on area, young’s modulus DOES NOT

37
Q

tensile strength calculation

A

highest point of the curve (as it reflects the maximum stress a material can withstand before failure)

38
Q

yield point calculation

A

where the sample maintains a 0.2%
permanent elongation after
the load is removed (in other words maybe: 0.2% of strain value ??)

39
Q

what does it mean for a material to be very ductile?

A

it is a material that can exhibit large plastic deformation (ex: skin is more ductile than bone)

40
Q

toughness vs. resillience

A

toughness: ability to absorb energy without breaking (area under whole curve)

resilience: ability to absorb energy and return without plastic deformation (area under elastic region)

41
Q

cardiovascular system

A

delivers: oxygen, nutrients
removes: carbon dioxide, wastes
moves: cells, proteins

42
Q

key functions of cardiovascular system

A

-carry high-pressured blood from heart to tissue
-carry low-pressured blood from tissue to heart
-control delivery of arterial blood into capillaries
-collect blood from capillaries after exchange
-provide surface area for exchange of
fluid, nutrient, electrolytes, etc

43
Q

process of blood flow/circulation

A

1) deoxygenated blood arrives in right atrium
2) from RA its delivered to right ventricle via tricuspid valve
3) right ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary artery via pulmonary valve
4) exits artery and goes to the lungs, which makes blood oxygenated
5) exits lungs and arrives in left atrium via pulmonary veins
6) from LA its delivered to left ventricle via mitral valve
7) left ventricle pumps blood into aorta via aortic valve
8) aorta delivers blood to rest of the body

44
Q

circumflex artery is located on:

A

left atrium

45
Q

3 layers of the <3 (from outermost to innermost)

A

-epicardium (tunica adventitia): blood vessels –> structure/support

-myocardium (tunica medica): muscle fibers –> expansion/contraction (myo=muscle)

-endocardium (tunica intima): heart valves –> regulates blood pressure

46
Q

which is the elastic artery and what does it do?

A

pulmonary artery
-receive blood directly from heart
-hydrostatic pressure
-elastic walls (lots of elastin) keep blood moving
-own bloody supply via vasa vasorum

47
Q

muscular arteries

A

examples:femoral artery,
coronary arteries, arteries in
skin
-deliver blood throughout body
-less elastin
-lots of smooth muscle

48
Q

arterioles

A

deliver blood to capillaries, controls blood flow and pressure

49
Q

capillaries

A

exchange of nutrients and wastes
between blood and tissue cells via
passive diffusion (three types are continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous)

50
Q

veins (also look at venules)

A

-veins have much thinner walls than
arterioles and arteries
-3 types of veins: tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima

51
Q

hemodynamics

A

study of forces that circulate blood throughout the body

52
Q

arterial pressure vs. venous pressure?

A

arterial pressure > venous pressure

53
Q

collagen fibers mostly orient
in the _____ direction of the
artery

A

axial direction

54
Q

elastin vs collagen

A

-elastin: bears wall stress at low
pressure
-collagen: bears wall stress at high
pressure, 100x more stiffer than elastin
-refer to graph on prac exam

55
Q

major stress applied to blood vessels

A

1) hoop stress induced by blood pressure
2) wall shear stress developed by blood
flow
3) axial stress by elongation in the axial
direction

56
Q

what breaks the bond between the actin and myosin in contracted muscle?

A

ATP hydrolysis

57
Q

what is the difference between cortical bone and trabecular bone?

A

cortical is more dense and mechanically stronger than trabecular bone

58
Q

what is the role of Ca2+ ions in muscle contraction?

A

causes conformational change in tropomyosin (key to bike lock analogy) that allows myosin heads to bind to actin filaments

59
Q

what is the role of T-tubules in muscle contraction?

A

to ensure that the nerve signal is delivered to the entire muscle fiber at once so that it contracts at the same time

60
Q

what is the proximal point for the upper arm?

A

shoulder

61
Q

sagittal plane

A

separates left and right side of body
-example: swinging legs back and forth

62
Q

frontal plane

A

separates front and back of body
-example: swinging left and right

63
Q

transverse plane

A

separates top and bottom of body
-skimming hands on water surface while standing

64
Q

the reaction force is in the _______ direction of the muscle force

A

opposing direction

INTRO TO BME fall '24 (3 decks)

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