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biology test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell membrane: Diffusion: Concentration: Cytoplasm:

A

Cell membrane: protective barrier around a cell made of double layer lipids Diffusion: moving substances through cell membrane Concentration: amount of substance that has been dissolved in solution Cytoplasm: jelly-like(fluid)substance that fills and surrounds the organelles

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2
Q

Nucleus: •Vacuoles: -plants: Vesicles: Mitochondria:

A

Nucleus: control centre in cell Vacuoles: membrane bound organelle stores nutrients, wastes, other substances used for the cell -plants: central vacuole stores water Vesicles: transports substances throughout the cell Mitochondria: convert sugar energy into the cell, known as powerhouses in cell

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3
Q

Lysosomes: Golgi Apparatus: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Ribosomes: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

A

Lysosomes: organelle filled with enzymes where digestion takes place Golgi Apparatus: receives proteins from endoplasmic reticulum, to deliver throughout the cell or outside Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: made of small tubes carrying material through the cell and makes proteins Ribosomes: small organelle attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: small tubes that carry materials through the cell and produces fats and oils

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4
Q

Cytoskeleton: Thylakoids: Granum:

A

Cytoskeleton: fibres in a cell made of protein Thylakoids: sacs that make up a chloroplast and collects energy from sun Granum: sacs of thylakoids

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5
Q

Difference b/w Plant and Animal Cells:

A

-Plants: cell walls, chloroplasts, contains chlorophyll that makes synthesis possible, large vacuole, store energy in form of starch/oils(canola oil), no centrioles -Animals: Vacuole is small, store energy in form of carbs and fats, hemoglobin in red blood cells, have centrioles

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6
Q

Mitosis Chromatin Chromosome Sister chromatids

A
  • •chromatin: makes up the chromosome from DNA and protein
  • Chromosome: long piece of DNA and proteins Chromatid: 2 copies of chromosomes
  • Prophase: the chromosomes condenses, nuclear membrane disappears and spindle begin to form as centrioles move to opposite sides
  • Metaphase: Sister Chromatids move to the “MIDDLE” of the cell.
  • Anaphase: sister chromatids separate forming a chromosome pulled to opposite sides
  • Telophase: 2 new cells begin to form – Two new nuclear membrane forms around chromosome spindle fibers disappear. animal cells: the cell membrane pinches inward splitting the two cells(cleavage furrow), in plant the cell forms a cell wall
  • Cytokinesis: mitotic spindle disappear, 2 new cells are formed
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7
Q

Cycle of cell stages

A

Life of cell is spent most in interphase consisting of G1 cell grows to almost full size, S(synthesis)DNA in the nucleus is replicated, G2-cell finished growing when duplicated DNA and 2 centrosomes appear in cytoplasm mitosis begin again

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8
Q

Plant organelles Cell Wall large vacuole Chlorplasts

A

Cell Wall: fibres in a cell made of protein Vacuole: functions same as animal Chloroplasts: contains green substance called chlorophyll only in plants

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9
Q

Necrosis: Apoptosis: Cancer cell:

A

necrosis: cell dying from poison Apoptosis: cell dying normally and regularly Cancer cell: cell dividing uncontrollably, when cell DNA is changed it is mutation. Normal cells go through apoptosis while cancer cells continue to divide

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10
Q

Regeneration: Cell specialization: Stem cell:

A

•Regeneration: process of a body part being replaced or regrown. Mitosis is responsible for regenerating the cells •Cell specialization: cells developing in different ways to perform a function •Stem cell: unspecialized cell bcuz there is no function

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11
Q

Two type of cells: Multicellular organism:

A

-embryonic: found in embryos which cells look different and perform different -Adult stem: have a limit on creating different cell types •Multicellular organism: many cells

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12
Q

•blood: -Platelets:

A

•blood is made of red,white blood cells platelets, plasma blood has protein hemoglobin absorb and release oxygen -Platelets: cells helping blood clots -plasma: carries nutrients to body

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13
Q

plant tissue •epidermal tissue: -stomata: •Ground tissue: •Vascular •Meristematic

A
  • •epidermal tissue: guard cells protective cover allowing exchange of gasses
  • Ground tissue: in roots used for food and water storage.
  • vascular tissue: transport water and nutrients in plant two types:
    • xylem: moving water and minerals from stem to leaves
    • Phloem: transport sugar produced from photosynthesis from leaves to other parts in plant providing energy
  • meristematic: found in growing tips of roots in a layer called cambium unspecialized tissue responsible for growing new parts in plant
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14
Q

-mesophyll: -photosynthesis:

A

-mesophyll: Photosynthesis and gas occurs in ground tissue food for animals -photosynthesis: carbon dioxide and water concer to sugar and oxygen

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15
Q

Animal Organs •Skin: •Lungs: Breathing air: NMPTBBA Trachea •Alveoli: •Heart 4 chambers

A
  • Animal Organs Skin: Protects inner cells, diseases, releases heat(sweating), Made of 2 layers: -epidermis: outer protective layer made of epithelial tissue preventing bacteria, made of vitamin D from sun. -Dermis: inner layer made of connective, nervous, muscle tissue.
  • Lungs: made of connective; epithelial tissue. Lungs are coated with 2 sacs of connective tissue separated by thin layer of fluid which helps to reduce friction when they expand -Breathing air: when breath through nose/mouth, air passes to pharynx into trachea to bronchus, small bronchial tubes, into tiny air sacs called alveoli . -Trachea is flexible tube wrapped w/ cartilage. -Alveoli: made of epithelial tissue surrounded by blood vessels called capillaries
    • Heart: muscle delivers blood to all parts in body, heart divides into 4 chambers: left, right atria, left, right ventricles •Left: takes/pumps oxygen •Right: co2 deoxygenated lack of oxygen pumps blood to lungs
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16
Q

Animal Organs -esophagus: -Stomach: Intestines:

A
  • -esophagus: lined with epithelial tissue, food travels down esophagus because of the relaxation of smooth muscle. Movement known as peristalsis.
  • Stomach: made of epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle tissue. Stomach churns food mixing with digestive enzymes. Intestines: Digested nutrients and undigested waste move into small, large intestines. Solid waste stored in rectum and exit through anus.
17
Q

Plant organs SFLR Roots: Leaf: Stem Flower

A

Roots: grows below ground. Collect waters,nutrients and store foods. Bottom of root covered w/ epidermal tissue known as root cap. Under epidermal is meristematic tissue. Layers of ground, vascular tissue make up the centre of root. •Leaf: leaf made of ground tissue called mesophyll where photosynthesis happens. There are openings in leaf, its stomata exchanging gasses The stem: performs 2 major functions -Transports water, nutrients throughout the plant -supports leaves and flowers The flower: Flower contain male organs called stamens. Each stamen consist of filament with anther at the tip. Anther produces pollen. female organs called pistil has eggs.

18
Q

ANIMAL SYSTEMS •Integumentary system: -Sebaceous •Digestive system: •respiratory system: TLBBAD -how does air pass down •circulatory •excretory

A

•Integumentary: made of epithelial to control body temp and protect. Has accessory structures like horns,claws,hair,sweat glands like sebaceous(oil). Sebaceous produce oil to lubricate and help prevent skin infections. •Digestive system: absorbing nutrients by chime, enzymes acid mixed From mouth, esophagus,stomach, intestines, pyloric splinter, rectum •Respiratory system: has the trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles,alveoli, diaphragm. takes in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Air passes down from trachea to bronchus to bronchioles. The bronchioles have alveoli where gas exchanges surrounded by blood vessels. •circulatory: Has the heart, blood and blood vessels. Transports blood through blood vessels which are arteries, veins, capillaries. -Arteries: thick blood vessels carry blood away from heart to tissues -Vein has valves to carry blood forward to heart never backwards -capillaries: smallest blood vessels all over body flows in and out oxygen and CO2 by diffusion moving a substance from high concentration to low concentration area. Ex: if blood has more oxygen than tissues, oxygen diffuses through capillary walls and go into tissue •Excretory system: has the kidneys, ureters(2 tubes), urinary bladder, urethra, skin bcuz it secretes sweat. Removes waste with filters called nephrons

19
Q

Plant system: Shoot system: Root system: -Transpiration:

A
  • Shoot system: everything above ground: stem, leaves, flower
  • Root system: everything underground: aerial roots even though above ground. -Transpiration: evaporating water through stomata in leaves. water molecules that evaporate creates transpiration pull which pulls the water up the xylem to leaves.. Lots of water is lost through stomata which keeps the transpiration pull going.
20
Q
  • Organ
  • Tissue
  • Homeostasis
  • Absorption
  • Interdependent
A
  • •Organ: a group of tissue
  • •Tissue: group of cells
  • •homeostasis:Tendency of an organism to maintain a steady state operating efficiently by range of physical and chemicals conditions •
  • absorption: food broken down into bloodstream •
  • interdependent: one system contributes to another system
21
Q

Animal tissue CMEN connective Muscle Epithelial Nervous

A

•Epithelial: form a protective barrier •Connective tissue: join other tissues by filling empty spaces together.ligaments,bones Muscle: three types of muscle: -Skeletal muscle: voluntarily moving When moving leg or arm -smooth: are blood vessels in organs -cardiac: only in heart Nervous: made of nerve cells that transmit throughout body

22
Q

Digestive system •frog •fish •earthworm

A
  • •frog: closes eyes and pushes eyes downward to put pressure on roof of mouth to force food into gullet, esophagus, stomach, intestines and waste to cloaca
  • •fish: food goes down mouth, esophagus, pyloric, stomach, intestines to complete and some fish have pyloric caecum which further breaks down food
  • •earthworm: muscular contractions moves food to esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestines, anus
23
Q

•compound microscope •electron microscope Transmission electron microscope •scanning electron microscope •atomic force microscope •electron micrograph •contrast •resolution

A

Compound: uses light to focus through lenses •electron: uses beam of electrons •TEM: only thin sections of cell can be examined so only dead cells •SEM: shows surface features creating 3D images of cells •AFM: produce images of molecules in cells •electron micrograph: shows info about cell, size, texture. •contrast: applying stains to see the cell •resolution: to be able to distinguish 2 objects close together

24
Q

Stomata

A

is on both top and underside of leaf clear and thin -stomata: excess water, gases exit through pores(tiny opening)

25
Q

Doctor checking circulatory and excretory system

A

•circulatory: checking pulse and blood pressure and blood samples to test levels of red/white blood cells,sugar •excretory: testing urine to check for •white blood cells= excretory infection •little urine=kidney not working •pain=pancreas not working

26
Q

Diffusion

A

Means Exchange of gases

27
Q

Photosynthesis equation Cellular respiration

A

6CO2+6H20+energy–>C6H12O6+6O2 C6H12O6+6O2–>6CO2+6H2O+energy

28
Q
  • Interdependent systems working together
  • Integumentary system
  • Circulatory
  • Respiratory
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
A
  • Integumentary system
    • blood vessels dilate to release excess heat and sweating cools body
  • Circulatory: Muscles use oxygen and glucose from liver producing Carbon dioxide. Heart and lung rate increases for more oxygen to muscles
  • Respiratory system: Breathing increases for muscles to get oxygen and blood circulation through alveoli picked up by red blood cells
  • Skeletal: Weight on bones become stronger from Vitamin D to absorb calcium
  • Muscular: oxygen is carried to muscles by blood
  • Nervous system: nervous system stimulates to increase heart rate. Nervous signals travel to blood vessels to make them smaller so blood flow will decrease in tissues that dont need it.

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