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Science Term 3 > Biology Term 3 > Flashcards

Biology Term 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why are enzymes important

A
  • reactions can be slow without
  • reaction can work in low temperature
  • reduces activation energy
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2
Q

What are the factors affecting enxyme activity?

A
  • Temperature
    • if temp is 0, enzyme activity also 0
    • if temp increase, enzyme activity also increase
    • if temp go above limit:
      • denatured
      • enz activity = 0
      • shape of active site not complimentary to shape of substrate
  • pH
    • if pH over/less than limit, denatured
  • Enzyme and substance concentration
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3
Q

What is digestion? How is it different from absorption?

A
  • digestion: the breakdown of large insoluble molecules to small soluble molecules permanently without chemi reaction
  • absorption: food molecules going through wall of intestine to the blood.
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4
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A
  • contraction/relaxation of muscles to break down food and move it through digestive system.
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5
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A
  • when acids and enzymes break down the food into nutrients
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6
Q

What is the difference between ingestion and egestion?

A
  • ingestion: the take in of substance to body from mouth

- egestion: the take out of non digested food through the anus

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7
Q

Name main parts of the alimentary canal:

A
  • mouth
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine: duodenum & ilieum
  • large intestine: colon
  • rectum
  • anus
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8
Q

What are the functions of the mouth?

A
  • chews the food up

- mixes with saliva to help dissolve

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9
Q

Functions of the oesophagus:

A
  • takes food down to stomach
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10
Q

Functions of stomach:

A
  • muscle contract/relax to churn food
  • stomach wall have goblet cell - have protese enz making HCL
    • Pepsin secreated to breakdown polypeptides
    • Works well in acidic condition - kill bacteria
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11
Q

Function of small intestine:

A
  • narrow - 5m long
  • pancreatic juice secreated from pancreas through pancreatic duct
    • fluid contains enzyme: amylase, protese, lipase (typsin)
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12
Q

Function of Bile (s.i):

A
  • yellowish green alkaline - neutralises acid from stomach
  • made in liver - stored in gall bladder
  • no enzyme but help digest fats
    • emulsification: 2 substance combined that don’t mix easily tgth usually
      • easy for lipase to digest fat
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13
Q

Function of villi (s.i):

A
  • secreates enzymes for digestion
    • maltase
    • sucrase
    • peptisade
    • lipase
    • lactase
  • has villius covered with cell
  • Contain blood capillaries - A.A, monosacharides, minerals etc taken to liver then body
  • one cell thick - fast diffusion
  • goblet cells secrete mucus to protect from protese, lipase, physiscal damage, acid from stomach
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14
Q

Function of large intestine:

A
  • to absorb water and nutrients

* mostly water absorbed in colon

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A
  • to transport oxygen and nutrients to body
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16
Q

What are the 3 main things the C.S relies on?

A
  • blood
  • blood vessels
  • cappillaries
17
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A
  • the blood goes through the heart twice to complete one circuit
18
Q

Function of the heart:

A
  • pums blood around body
    *2 upper chamber: atria
    2 lower chamber: vetricles
19
Q

How does the blood flow into the heart?

A

Body -> inferior/superior vena cava -> deoxygenated right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> oxygenated lung -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> body

20
Q

What is the purpose of the valve?

A
  • to stop blood from flowing backwards
21
Q

Function of aorta:

A
  • recieves blood from body/lung - supplies to ventricle
22
Q

Function of ventricles:

A
  • bring blood to heart

- thicker, muscular walls than atria

23
Q

Difference in left and right ventricle:

A

Left: pump blood to body - higher pressure
Right: pump blood to lung

24
Q

Causes of CHD (oronary heart disease):

A

Causes

  • too much cholesteral & fat in diet
  • genetics
  • narrows the lumen making it hard to pump blood
  • increase blood pressure
  • heart attack

Caused by:
- Lack of exercise

Prevention
- more exercise, no smoking, reduce cholesteral intake etc.

25
Q

Why is pulse rate the same as heart rate?

A
  • pulse rate: caused by expansion of artery caused by heart pushing through it
26
Q

Why does heart rate go up when exercise?

A
  • body needs more oxygen so therefore the heart pumps blood quicker to transport more oxygen
27
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A
  • pacemaker: reciever of signals from brain to cover needs of body
  • e.g need oxygen, brain send impulse to nerve to pacemaker
28
Q

What are the 3 main kinds of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • veins
29
Q

What is an artery? How does it function with its structure?

A
  • when blood flows out of heart, it goes to artery
  • mostly carry oxygentaed heart away from heart
  • trnasported at high pressure

Structure

  • thick wall - withstand hgih blood pressure
  • elastic fibre - streatch to maintain B.P
  • small lumen
30
Q

What is a capillary? How does it function with its structure?

A
  • exchanges nutrients and O2 w/ tissues
  • take away waste material (CO2)
  • Low B.P - can move slowly to exhange tissues

Structure

  • small lumen
  • one-cell thick walls
  • thin walls - substance can get in and out easily
  • small - can get close to every cell
31
Q

What is a vein? How does it function with its structure?

A
  • vessel carry lood to heart
  • low B.P

Structure

  • wide lume - quick blood flow
  • have valves
32
Q

What are components of blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma
33
Q

Give the functions of RBC:

A
  • colour: red
  • orgin: bone marrow
  • life span: 120 days
  • function: transport oxygen for product of haemoglobin

Structure

  • biconcave - large surface area
  • no nucleus - more o2
34
Q

Give functions of WBC:

A
  • orgin: lymph node
  • life span: 13-20 days
  • function: protects body from infections/diseases

Structure

  • nucleus
  • irregular shape
35
Q

Give the functions of platelets

A
  • colour: purple
  • origin: bone marrow
  • life span: 5-9 days
  • function: help blood clotting

Structure

  • irregular shape
  • no nucleus
36
Q

Give the functions of plasma and structure:

A
  • trnasports: CO2, nutrients, hormones, Heat, Proteins, antibodies, ions

Structure
- liquid so cells (mainly RBC) and platelets can float

Science Term 3 (3 decks)

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