Biology Review Flashcards
1
Q
a duodenum
A
dwunastnica
2
Q
an ileum
A
jelito kręte
3
Q
a colon
A
okrężnica
4
Q
a rectum
A
odbytnica
5
Q
a pharynx
A
gardło
= throat
6
Q
an oesophagus
A
przewód pokarmowy
= food pipe
7
Q
salivary amylase
A
amylaza ślinowa
8
Q
to emulsify
A
zemulgować
= make into or become an emulsion
9
Q
to solubulize
A
zwiększać rozpuszczalność
10
Q
pancreatic amylase
A
amylaza trzustkowa
11
Q
lubricated
A
nawilżony
12
Q
mucus
A
śluz
13
Q
indigestible
A
niestrawny
14
Q
a nasal cavity
A
jama nosowa
15
Q
a larynx
A
krtań
= voice box
16
Q
a trachea
A
tchawica
= windpipe
17
Q
bronchi
A
oskrzela
- sing. bronchus
18
Q
bronchioles
A
oskrzeliki
19
Q
alveoli
A
pęcherzyki płucne
20
Q
pulmonary ventilation
A
oddychanie
21
Q
a diaphragm
A
przepona
22
Q
intercostal
A
międzyżebrowy
23
Q
inspiration/ expiration
A
wdychanie/ wydychanie
24
Q
to contract
A
kurczyć się
25
thoracic
piersiowy
26
to deflate
spuszczać powietrze
27
a lining
wyściółka wewnętrzna
28
haemoglobin
hemoglobina
29
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
30
a by-product
produkt uboczny
31
a lactic acid
kwas mlekowy
32
to exceed
przekraczać
33
anaerobic
beztlenowy
34
deoxygenated
| to deoxygenate
lacking oxygen
| to remove oxygen from
35
a venous system
układ żylny
36
an atrium
przedsionek
| - pl. atria
37
a vena cava
żyła główna
38
a cusp
płatek, guzek
| = a pointed or rounded projection or a segment of a cardiac valve
39
a tricuspid valve
zastawka trójdzielna
40
a ventricle
komora
41
an artery
tętnica
42
a vein
żyła
43
a capillary
włośniczek, kapilara
44
a bicuspid valve
zastawka dwudzielna
| = mitral valve
45
a sinoatrial (SA) node
węzeł zatokowo-przedsionkowy
46
a atrioventricular (AV) node
węzeł przedsionkowo-komorowy
47
a pacemaker cell
komórka rozrusznikowa serca
48
systolic blood pressure
ciśnienie skurczowe
49
diastolic blood pressure
ciśnienie rozkurczowe
50
diastole
the part of the cardiac cycle when the heart relaxes
51
systole
the part of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts
52
the cardiac cycle
the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next
53
cardiac output
pojemność minutowa serca
54
stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction
55
plasma
osocze
56
clotting factors
the proteins in the blood that control bleeding i.a. thrombocytes
57
a thymus gland
gruczoł grasicy
58
a foreign body
ciało obce
59
the central nervous system
centralny układ nerwowy
| = the brain and spinal cord
60
a spinal cord
rdzeń kręgowy
61
the peripheral nervous system
obwodowy układ nerwowy
| = thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves (left and right) fan out from the spinal cord
62
to fan out
rozchodzić się promieniście
63
a sensory (afferent) neurone
czuciowy (doprowadzający) neuron
64
a motor (efferent) neurone
motoryczny (odprowadzający) neuron
65
an interneurone
found in the spinal cord that relays signals between afferent neurons and efferent neurons
66
to relay
przekazywać
67
the cerebral cortex
kora mózgowa
68
to override
zignorować (odruch)
69
a reflex
odruch
70
the autonomic nervous system
involuntary; controls the automatic functions of the body that maintain homeostasis
71
the hypothalamus
podwzgórze
72
vasodilation
proces rozszerzania naczyń krwionośnych
73
constriction
proces zawężania się naczyń krwionośnych
74
the pons
most
- The pons is a portion of the brain stem, located above the medulla oblongata and below the midbrain.
75
an iris
tęczówka
76
a cornea
rogówka
77
a pupil
źrenica
78
dilation
rozszerzenie (źrenic)
79
a fovea
dołek
| = a very small hollow in a bone or organ, especially in the macula (plamka) of the eye
80
curvature
krzywizna
81
convex
wypukły
| = curving out
82
taut
naprężony
| = tight or completely stretched
83
an endocrine system
układ hormonalny, wewnątrzwydzielniczy
84
to secrete hormones
wydzielanie hormonów
85
egestion
the release of the undigested material
86
ingestion
when food enters the digestive system
87
a pineal gland
szyszynka
| = an organ in the brain that produces a hormone called melatonin
88
a pituitary gland
przysadka mózgowa
| = a small organ at the base of the brain that controls the growth and activity of the body by producing hormones
89
a thyroid
tarczyca
| = a gland (= an organ) in the front of the neck that is involved in controlling the way the body develops and works
90
a thymus gland
grasica
| = a small gland behind the breastbone that helps build the immune system
91
parathyroid gland
przytarczyca / gruczoł przytarczyczny
| = controlsl the amount of the chemicals calcium and phosphorus in the body
92
adrenal glands
nadnercza
| = one of a pair of glands that produce adrenalin, found just above the kidneys
93
pancreas
trzustka
| = an organ in the body that produces insulin and substances that help to digest food
94
an ovary
jajnik
95
testes (pl.)
testis = testicle - jądro
96
deviation from the norm
odstępstwo od normy
97
follicle-stimulating hormone
| FSH
hormon stymulujący pęcherzyk jajnikowy
| = a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which promotes the formation of ova or sperm
98
luteinizing hormone
| LH
hormon stymulujący rozwój ciałka żółtego
| = a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells (komórki gonadotropowe) in the anterior pituitary gland
99
ovarian follicles
pęcherzyki jajnikowe
100
the corpus luteum
yellow body which is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries that is involved in the production of progesterone
101
an ureter
moczowód
| = a tube on each side of the body that takes urine from the kidney to the bladder
102
urinary bladder
pęcherz moczowy
| = a hollow muscular organ that collects urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination
103
urethra
cewka moczowa
| = the tube in most mammals that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In males it also carries semen.
104
renal coretex
kora nerkowa
| = the outer portion of the kidney
105
medulla oblongata
rdzeń przedłużony
= the lowest part of the brain, positioned at the top of the spinal cord, that controls activities such as heartbeat, blood pressure , and breathing
106
renal pelvis
miedniczka nerkowa
| = a flattened funnel-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter
107
glomerular filtration
filtracja kłębuszkowa
| = the first step in making urine
108
the proximal convoluted tubule
kanalik bliższy
| = the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle
109
coiled
zwinięty, owinięty
110
medullary loop
the loop of Henle - pętla Henlego
| = the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule
111
the distal convoluted tubule
kanalik dalszy
| =a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system
112
a renal corpuscle
ciałko nerkowe
= the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule.
113
a glomerulus
kłębuszek nerkowy
| = one of the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that remove waste products from the blood into the urine
114
a pedigree
metryka, drzewo genealogiczne
= a table, chart, diagram, or list of an individual's ancestors, used in genetics in the analysis of mendelian inheritance
115
concave
wklęsły
| = curving in
116
efferent
odprowadzający
| = away from a central organ or part
117
afferent
doprowadzający
| = carrying something towards the centre of a body part
118
an aperture
otwór
| = a small and often narrow opening, especially one that allows light into an eye
119
to innervate
unerwiać
| = to supply nerves to an organ or part of the body
120
oculomotor
okołoruchowy
| = relating to the movement of the eyeball
121
ova (pl.)
ovum = an egg cell - komórka jajowa
122
endometrium
śluzówka maciczna
| = the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus
123
the production of progesterone
```
1. gonadotropic cells in anterior pituitary gland
PRODUCE
2. a luteinizing hormone
TRIGGERS
3. a corpus luteum
PRODUCES
4. progesterone
```
124
an arteriole
tętnica mała
| = a very small artery that often joins onto a capillary
125
occlusion
the blockage or closing of a blood vessel or hollow organ
