Biology Review Flashcards
a duodenum
dwunastnica
an ileum
jelito kręte
a colon
okrężnica
a rectum
odbytnica
a pharynx
gardło
= throat
an oesophagus
przewód pokarmowy
= food pipe
salivary amylase
amylaza ślinowa
to emulsify
zemulgować
= make into or become an emulsion
to solubulize
zwiększać rozpuszczalność
pancreatic amylase
amylaza trzustkowa
lubricated
nawilżony
mucus
śluz
indigestible
niestrawny
a nasal cavity
jama nosowa
a larynx
krtań
= voice box
a trachea
tchawica
= windpipe
bronchi
oskrzela
- sing. bronchus
bronchioles
oskrzeliki
alveoli
pęcherzyki płucne
pulmonary ventilation
oddychanie
a diaphragm
przepona
intercostal
międzyżebrowy
inspiration/ expiration
wdychanie/ wydychanie
to contract
kurczyć się
thoracic
piersiowy
to deflate
spuszczać powietrze
a lining
wyściółka wewnętrzna
haemoglobin
hemoglobina
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
a by-product
produkt uboczny
a lactic acid
kwas mlekowy
to exceed
przekraczać
anaerobic
beztlenowy
deoxygenated
to deoxygenate
lacking oxygen
to remove oxygen from
a venous system
układ żylny
an atrium
przedsionek
- pl. atria
a vena cava
żyła główna
a cusp
płatek, guzek
= a pointed or rounded projection or a segment of a cardiac valve
a tricuspid valve
zastawka trójdzielna
a ventricle
komora
an artery
tętnica
a vein
żyła
a capillary
włośniczek, kapilara
a bicuspid valve
zastawka dwudzielna
= mitral valve
a sinoatrial (SA) node
węzeł zatokowo-przedsionkowy
a atrioventricular (AV) node
węzeł przedsionkowo-komorowy
a pacemaker cell
komórka rozrusznikowa serca
systolic blood pressure
ciśnienie skurczowe
diastolic blood pressure
ciśnienie rozkurczowe
diastole
the part of the cardiac cycle when the heart relaxes
systole
the part of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts
the cardiac cycle
the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next
cardiac output
pojemność minutowa serca
stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction
plasma
osocze
clotting factors
the proteins in the blood that control bleeding i.a. thrombocytes
a thymus gland
gruczoł grasicy
a foreign body
ciało obce
the central nervous system
centralny układ nerwowy
= the brain and spinal cord
a spinal cord
rdzeń kręgowy
the peripheral nervous system
obwodowy układ nerwowy
= thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves (left and right) fan out from the spinal cord
to fan out
rozchodzić się promieniście
a sensory (afferent) neurone
czuciowy (doprowadzający) neuron
a motor (efferent) neurone
motoryczny (odprowadzający) neuron
an interneurone
found in the spinal cord that relays signals between afferent neurons and efferent neurons
to relay
przekazywać
the cerebral cortex
kora mózgowa
to override
zignorować (odruch)
a reflex
odruch
the autonomic nervous system
involuntary; controls the automatic functions of the body that maintain homeostasis
the hypothalamus
podwzgórze
vasodilation
proces rozszerzania naczyń krwionośnych
constriction
proces zawężania się naczyń krwionośnych
the pons
most
- The pons is a portion of the brain stem, located above the medulla oblongata and below the midbrain.
an iris
tęczówka
a cornea
rogówka
a pupil
źrenica
dilation
rozszerzenie (źrenic)
a fovea
dołek
= a very small hollow in a bone or organ, especially in the macula (plamka) of the eye
curvature
krzywizna
convex
wypukły
= curving out
taut
naprężony
= tight or completely stretched
an endocrine system
układ hormonalny, wewnątrzwydzielniczy
to secrete hormones
wydzielanie hormonów
egestion
the release of the undigested material
ingestion
when food enters the digestive system
a pineal gland
szyszynka
= an organ in the brain that produces a hormone called melatonin
a pituitary gland
przysadka mózgowa
= a small organ at the base of the brain that controls the growth and activity of the body by producing hormones
a thyroid
tarczyca
= a gland (= an organ) in the front of the neck that is involved in controlling the way the body develops and works
a thymus gland
grasica
= a small gland behind the breastbone that helps build the immune system
parathyroid gland
przytarczyca / gruczoł przytarczyczny
= controlsl the amount of the chemicals calcium and phosphorus in the body
adrenal glands
nadnercza
= one of a pair of glands that produce adrenalin, found just above the kidneys
pancreas
trzustka
= an organ in the body that produces insulin and substances that help to digest food
an ovary
jajnik
testes (pl.)
testis = testicle - jądro
deviation from the norm
odstępstwo od normy
follicle-stimulating hormone
FSH
hormon stymulujący pęcherzyk jajnikowy
= a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which promotes the formation of ova or sperm
luteinizing hormone
LH
hormon stymulujący rozwój ciałka żółtego
= a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells (komórki gonadotropowe) in the anterior pituitary gland
ovarian follicles
pęcherzyki jajnikowe
the corpus luteum
yellow body which is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries that is involved in the production of progesterone
an ureter
moczowód
= a tube on each side of the body that takes urine from the kidney to the bladder
urinary bladder
pęcherz moczowy
= a hollow muscular organ that collects urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination
urethra
cewka moczowa
= the tube in most mammals that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In males it also carries semen.
renal coretex
kora nerkowa
= the outer portion of the kidney
medulla oblongata
rdzeń przedłużony
= the lowest part of the brain, positioned at the top of the spinal cord, that controls activities such as heartbeat, blood pressure , and breathing
renal pelvis
miedniczka nerkowa
= a flattened funnel-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter
glomerular filtration
filtracja kłębuszkowa
= the first step in making urine
the proximal convoluted tubule
kanalik bliższy
= the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle
coiled
zwinięty, owinięty
medullary loop
the loop of Henle - pętla Henlego
= the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule
the distal convoluted tubule
kanalik dalszy
=a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system
a renal corpuscle
ciałko nerkowe
= the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman’s capsule.
a glomerulus
kłębuszek nerkowy
= one of the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that remove waste products from the blood into the urine
a pedigree
metryka, drzewo genealogiczne
= a table, chart, diagram, or list of an individual’s ancestors, used in genetics in the analysis of mendelian inheritance
concave
wklęsły
= curving in
efferent
odprowadzający
= away from a central organ or part
afferent
doprowadzający
= carrying something towards the centre of a body part
an aperture
otwór
= a small and often narrow opening, especially one that allows light into an eye
to innervate
unerwiać
= to supply nerves to an organ or part of the body
oculomotor
okołoruchowy
= relating to the movement of the eyeball
ova (pl.)
ovum = an egg cell - komórka jajowa
endometrium
śluzówka maciczna
= the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus
the production of progesterone
1. gonadotropic cells in anterior pituitary gland PRODUCE 2. a luteinizing hormone TRIGGERS 3. a corpus luteum PRODUCES 4. progesterone
an arteriole
tętnica mała
= a very small artery that often joins onto a capillary
occlusion
the blockage or closing of a blood vessel or hollow organ
