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Biology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. the cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. cells arise only from preexisting cells
  4. cells carry genetic information in DNA
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2
Q

cytoplasmic inheritance

A

extranuclear inheritance

transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

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3
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death kick started by mitochondria

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4
Q

lysosome

A

membrane bound structure involved in breakdown

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5
Q

endosome

A

transport, package, and sort material traveling to and from the membrane

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6
Q

autolysis

A

apoptosis caused by enzymes from the lysosome

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7
Q

Rough ER

A

translation of proteins for secretion

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8
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis, protein transport, and detoxification

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9
Q

golgi

A

cellular material modification and sorting

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10
Q

peroxisomes

A

breakdown of fatty acids using peroxide (beta oxidation)

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11
Q

microfilaments

A

made up of actin and myosin

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12
Q

purpose of microfilaments

A

cytokinesis, formation of cleavage furrow, contraction

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13
Q

microtubules

A

made up of tubulin proteins

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14
Q

purpose of microtubules

A

motion- make up cilia, flagella, and centrioles

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15
Q

cilia

A

used for transport along the surface of a cell

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16
Q

flagella

A

used for movement of a cell

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17
Q

intermediate filaments

A

cell-to-cell adhesion and maintenance of structure- e.g. keratin

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18
Q

basement membrane

A

anchor of epithelial cells

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19
Q

parenchyma

A

functional parts of the organ

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20
Q

simple epithelia

A

one layer of cells

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21
Q

stratified epithelia

A

multiple layers of cells

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22
Q

pseudo-stratified epithelia

A

appear to have multiple layers of cells due to cell height

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23
Q

squamous

A

flat and scale-like

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24
Q

stroma

A

support structure

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25
Q

epithelial tissue purpose

A

parenchyma

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26
Q

connective tissue purpose

A

stroma

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27
Q

cocci

A

spherical bacteria

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28
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria

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29
Q

spirilli

A

spiral-shaped bacteria

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30
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

bacteria that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

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31
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can develop processes to use oxygen for metabolism

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32
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

do not use oxygen for metabolism, but are not harmed by the presence of oxygen

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33
Q

gram-positive

A

describes purple color of cell walls

walls contain peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid, which trigger immune responses

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34
Q

gram-negative

A

describes pink color of cell walls

walls contain peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides, which trigger immune respsonses

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35
Q

chemotaxis

A

ability of a cell to sense chemical stimuli and move toward or away from it

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36
Q

bacterial flagella components

A

filament composed of flagellin, basal body, and a hook

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37
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes

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38
Q

episomes

A

plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of bacteria

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39
Q

transformation

A

integration of foreign genetic material into a host genome

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40
Q

congugation

A

bacterial sexual reproduction using a conjugation bridge

aids in antibiotic resistance

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41
Q

transduction

A

the only recombination process that requires a vector

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42
Q

transposons

A

genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

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43
Q

phases of bacterial reproduction

A

lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase

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44
Q

virulent viruses

A

viruses in the lytic cycle- replicate with no regard for the host cell

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45
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

integration of a provirus into the genome of a cell

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46
Q

prions

A

convert structure of a protein from an alpha helix to a beta sheet

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47
Q

viroids

A

pathogens that infect plants

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48
Q

interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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49
Q

G0

A

cells do not divide

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50
Q

G1

A

creation of organelles and increase in size

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51
Q

restriction point

A

checkpoint between G1 and S phases

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52
Q

S

A

replication of genetic material into two identical daughter cells

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53
Q

G2

A

checkpoint between S and M phases

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54
Q

M

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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55
Q

cytokinesis

A

splitting of cytoplasm and organelles into 2 daughter cells

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56
Q

p53

A

protein in charge of restriction point between G1 and S

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57
Q

cyclins and CDKs

A

CDKs require correct cyclin in order to phosphorylate transcription factors to control the cell cycle

58
Q

prophase

A
  1. condensation of the chromatin into chromosomes
  2. centrioles to poles
  3. formation of spindle fibers
  4. nuclear membrane dissolves
  5. nucleoli disappear
  6. kinetochores appear
59
Q

microtubule organizing centers

A

centrosome and basal bodies

60
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align at metaphase plate

61
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres and chromosomes split

62
Q

telophase

A
  1. spindles disappear
  2. nuclear membrane forms
  3. nucleoli reform
  4. chromosomes uncoil
63
Q

daughter cells of mitosis

A

identical to parent and to each other

64
Q

meiosis 1

A

reductional division

separation of homologous chromosomes

65
Q

meiosis 2

A

essentially mitosis

equational division

66
Q

prophase 1

A
  1. condensation of the chromatin into chromosomes
  2. formation of spindle fibers
  3. nuclear membrane dissolves
  4. nucleoli disappear
  5. synapsis
  6. crossing over
67
Q

law of independent assortment

A

Mendel’s second law

alelle inheritance is independent

68
Q

metaphase 1

A

tetrads align at metaphase plate

69
Q

tetrads

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes

70
Q

anaphase 1

A

disjunction- homologous pairs separate

71
Q

law of segregation

A

Mendel’s first law

distribution of homologous pairs is random

72
Q

telophase 1

A

haploid daughter cells

73
Q

prophase 2

A
  1. centrioles to poles
  2. formation of spindle fibers
  3. nuclear membrane dissolves
  4. nucleoli disappear
  5. kinetochores appear
74
Q

metaphase 2

A

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

75
Q

anaphase 2

A

centromeres and chromosomes split

76
Q

telophase 2

A

4 haploid cells are produced

77
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm

78
Q

sertoli cells

A

nourish sperm

79
Q

leydig cells

A

produce androgens

80
Q

epidiymus

A

sperm develop motility and are stored here until ejaculation

81
Q

seminal vesicles

A

add fructose to sperm during ejaculation

82
Q

cowper’s glands

A

produces a liquid that cleans and lubricates the urethra

83
Q

development of sperm

A

spermatogonia, primary/secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatazoa

84
Q

acrosome

A

functional tail end of sperm used to penetrate the ovum

85
Q

ovaries

A

produce estrogen

86
Q

follicles

A

house and nourish eggs

87
Q

female reproductive pathway

A

ovaries, peritonial sac, fallopian tubes/oviduct, uterus, cervix, vaginal canal

88
Q

zona pellucida

A

glycoproteins that surround the oocyte and help with sperm binding

89
Q

corona radiata

A

cells that adhere to the oocytes and are penetrated by sperm

90
Q

ova development

A

primary/secondary oocyte, ovum, zygote

91
Q

GnRH

A

released by the hypothalamus after puberty to induce the body to secrete FSH and LH, which trigger production of other sex hormones

92
Q

FSH in males

A

stimulates sertoli cells and triggers sperm maturation

93
Q

LH in males

A

production of testosterone

94
Q

FSH in females

A

production of estrogen

95
Q

estrogen

A

development and maintenance of the female reproductive system

96
Q

LH in females

A

production of progesterone

97
Q

follicular phase

A 
menstruation begins
GnRH increases
FSH and LH increase
follicles begin to grow
follicles secrete estrogen (negative feedback)
regrowth of endometrium
98
Q

ovulation

A

LH surge

release of egg from ovary

99
Q

luteal phase

A

formation of the corpus luteum

100
Q

menstruation

A

corpus luteum dies

101
Q

hCG

A

LH-like hormone secreted by blastocyst that maintains the corpus luteum

102
Q

ampulla

A

section of fallopian tube where fertilization occurs

103
Q

cleavage

A

rapid mitotic cell divisions

104
Q

embryo development

A

morula, blastula, gastrula

105
Q

trophoblast cells

A

surround the blastocoel and become the chorion and placenta

106
Q

archenteron

A

membrane invagination into the blastocoel- becomes the gut

107
Q

blastopore

A

becomes the anus or mouth

108
Q

ectoderm

A

skin, hair, nails (adrenal medulla)

109
Q

mesoderm

A

musculoskeletal, circulatory, and excretory systems (adrenal cortex)

110
Q

endoderm

A

epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts

111
Q

selective transcription

A

allows for differentiation of cells

112
Q

induction

A

ability of a cell to influence the fate of other cells

113
Q

neurulation

A

development of the nervous system

114
Q

notochord

A

spine-like structure that influences neural folds to develop around the neural groove

115
Q

neural tube

A

becomes the central nervous system

116
Q

neural crest cells

A

become peripheral nervous system

117
Q

specification

A

the cell is designated as a particular type of cell

118
Q

pluripotent

A

can differentiate into any cell type except placental

119
Q

totipotent

A

can differentiate into any cell type

120
Q

multipotent

A

can differentiate into multiple cells types of the same group

121
Q

autocrine

A

acting on itself

122
Q

paracrine

A

acting in the same local area

123
Q

juxtacrine

A

induction via direct stimulation of a cell

124
Q

endocrine

A

induction via the bloodstream

125
Q

senescence

A

biological aging

126
Q

umbilical arteries

A

carry blood away from the fetus to the placenta

127
Q

umbilical veins

A

carry blood from the placenta to the fetus

128
Q

TORCHES

A

pathogens that can cross the placental barrier

toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes/hiv, and syphilis

129
Q

foramen ovale

A

shunt that connects the right atrium to the left atrium (lung function)

130
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta (lung function)

131
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunts blood from the placenta to the inferior vena cava (liver function)

132
Q

parturition

A

vaginal birth

133
Q

astrocytes

A

nourish neurons, blood-brain barrier

134
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce CSF

135
Q

microglia

A

breakdown waste

136
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS myelinators

137
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS myelinators

138
Q

pumpKin

A

Na/K ATPase pumps K into cell

139
Q

tracts

A

contain only one type of information, cell bodies in nuclei

140
Q

hypothalamus hormones

A

GnRH, TRH, and CRF

141
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

FSH, LH, GH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, endorphins

142
Q

renin angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway

A

low BP -> juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin -> angiotensin into angiotensin I -> ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II -> angiotensin II causes adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

MCAT (4 decks)

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