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Biology Flashcards

Test 1

1
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Parts of DNA

A

Chromosomes, Genes, Cell

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2
Q

DNA shape

A

Double Helix

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2
Q

A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called…

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

Each Nucleotide consist of…

A

Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

Phosphate, Pentose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base

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2
Q

The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the…

A

Rungs

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3
Q

Four nitrogenous bases DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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4
Q

The sides of the DNA ladder are … held together by…

A

phosphate & sugar

hydrogen bonds.

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4
Q

A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a…

A

protein

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4
Q

The bases are arranged in triplets called…

A

codons (mRNA)

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4
Q

Each unique gene has a…

A

unique sequence of bases.

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4
Q

DNA is composed of repeating subunits called…

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

Who was the structure of DNA established by

A

James Watson and Francis Crick.

Rosalind Franklin’s X Ray images of DNA were crucial for establishing its shape.

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5
Q

Oval is
Pentagon is
Rectangle is

A

Phosphate
Sugar
Base

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5
Q

DNA is found in

A

The nucleus

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5
Q

RNA shape

A

Single strand

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5
Q

Different in bases from DNA to RNA

A

Thymine is changed to uracil

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5
Q

RNA sugar

A

Ribose

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5
Q

Forms of RNA

A

(mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

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5
Q

RNA shape

A

Single Strand

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5
Q

Hemoglobin is…

A

a protein that makes up blood cells.

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5
Q

Transcription includes…

A

mRNA leaving the nucleus and takes the code to ribosomes

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5
Q

In protein synthesis, DNA is turned into

A

MRNA

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5
Q

How does RNA make a protein?

A

RNA tells the ribosomes what protein to build.

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5
Q

Every 3 letters (Codons) specifies a…

A

single amino acid.

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5
Q

Proteins are made of…

A

many amino acids.

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5
Q

Translation is

A

the message on mRNA used to make protein

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5
Q

Shapes and composition of protein…

A

determine its functionality (ex: skin, muscles, blood cells)

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5
Q

In translation, mRNA brings…

A

code to ribosomes

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5
Q

Sickle Cell is caused by…

A

a change (mutation) in a single nucleotide. Leads to wrong amino acid therefore protein is the wrong shape.

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6
Q

What Are Mutations?

A

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

7
Q

Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?

A

Almost all mutations are neutral.
A few are negative. A few are positive.

7
Q

Mutations may occur

A

in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
in gametes and be passed to offspring

7
Q

Many mutations are repaired by…

A

Enzymes

7
Q

Are mutations regular?

A

yes

8
Q

What can cause mutations

A

Chemicals & UV radiation.

8
Q

Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from

A

somatic mutations

9
Q

Types of Gene mutations

A

Point
Substitutions
Insertions
Deletions
Frameshift

9
Q

In translation, amino acids…

A

form a protein

9
Q

Gene Mutations may include

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. May only involve a single nucleotide. May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.

9
Q

Point Mutation in a Gene Mutation is the

A

Change of a single nucleotide. Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene

9
Q

Frameshift in a Gene Mutation is the

A

Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides.
Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence.
Proteins built incorrectly

10
Q

What is a lethal allele.

A

Lethal alleles (also referred to as lethal or lethals) are alleles that cause the death of the organism that carries them. Either recessive or co-dominant.

11
Q

What is polygenic inheritance

A

The inheritance of a trait governed by more than one genes.

12
Q

In a pedigree chart female and male are shown as.

A

circle - female
square - male

13
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual - usually expressed by letters

14
Q

How are genotypic ratios written

A

1:2:1. 2:2. 1:1:1:1.

15
Q

How are phenotypic ratios written

A

1 Red: 2 Pink: 1 White

16
Q

Ase is an

A

enzyme

17
Q

Ose is an

A

sugar

18
Q

Co-dominance

A

Two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time.

19
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Neither allele is dominant.

20
Q

Sex Genes/Sex-Linked Genes:

A

Traits or disorders influenced by genes on the X chromosome

21
Q

Pleiotropy Traits:

A

The phenomenon in which a single gene contributes to multiple phenotypic traits.

22
Q

Polygenic Traits:

A

A polygenic trait is a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes.

23
Q

Non-nuclear inheritance:

A

The inheritance of genetic material not originating from the nucleus of the cell, but from the DNA found in the cytoplasm.

24
Q

Multiple alleles:

A

Alternative forms of the same gene so they influence the same trait.

25
Q

Genetically inherited diseases:

A

A disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence.

26
Q

X linked/Sex linked diseases:

A

Characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes.

27
Q

Pedigree chart:

A

A chart that diagrams the inheritance of a trait or health condition through generations of a family.

28
Q

In a pedigree chart female and male are shown as:

A

circle - female | square - male

29
Q

What is a lethal allele:

A

Lethal alleles (also referred to as lethal or lethals) are alleles that cause the death of the organism that carries them. Either recessive or codominant.

30
Q

Phenotype:

A

The physical makeup of an individual.

31
Q

Genotype:

A

The genetic makeup of an individual, usually represented by letters.

32
Q

Allele:

A

A gene for a particular trait.

33
Q

Heterozygous:

A

When the alleles of an individual are different - one dominant and one recessive.

34
Q

Homozygous:

A

When the alleles of an individual are the same - both dominant or both recessive.

35
Q

Recessive:

A

A genetic trait in which two copies are needed to be expressed.

36
Q

Dominant:

A

An inherited trait that is still expressed even when only given by one parent.

37
Q

Probability:

A

The likelihood of an occurrence.

38
Q

Gene:

A

Sequence of DNA that determines a trait.

39
Q

Trait:

A

A specific characteristic that varies from person to person

40
Q

Hybrid:

A

In reproductive biology, a hybrid is an offspring produced from a cross between parents of different species or makeup

41
Q

Punnett Square:

A

a tool used to determine breeding outcomes.

42
Q

Hereditary:

A

Passing from parents to offspring.

43
Q

How are phenotypic ratios written:

A

1 Red : 2 White : 1 Pink.

44
Q

How are genotypic ratios written:

A

1 : 2 : 1.

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