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1st Semester Finals 2022 > Biology 10 > Flashcards

Biology 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for an organism that lacks a nucleus in its cells?

A

prokaryote

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2
Q

The cell membrane is selectively permeable and is composed of a ___________ with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

A

phospholipid bilayer

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3
Q

What is the diffusion of water molecules across the cell membrane?

A

osmosis

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4
Q

Which organelle contains chromosomes (DNA wrapped around protein)?

A

nucleus

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5
Q

What organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?

A

chloroplasts

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6
Q

What organelle is the site of cellular respiration in plant and animal cells?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

What organelle makes protein on the rough ER?

A

ribosomes

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8
Q

Animal cells are different from plant cells because they…

A

don’t have a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall

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9
Q

Passive transport is the movement of molecules from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration.

A

high/low

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10
Q

If the inside of a cell has an 80% concentration of salt and it’s outer environment surrounding the cell contains a concentration of 10% salt, this is called a ___________ environment, and the cell will ___________ in size because water will ___________ the cell through osmosis.

A

hypotonic/increase/enter

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11
Q

What equation best summarizes the process of photosynthesis?

A

water + carbon dioxide -> sugars + oxygen

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12
Q

The main pigment in plants that captures sunlight energy and reflects green light is…

A

chlorophyll

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13
Q

Plants are ____________ because they produce their own energy through photosynthesis.

A

autotrophs

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14
Q

What equation best summarizes the process of cellular respiration?

A

sugars + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide + ATP

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15
Q

How many total ATP molecules are produced at the end of cellular respiration from one glucose molecule?

A

36 ATP

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16
Q

ATP is a nucleotide that gives energy to cells, and it is made of…

A

adenine, three phosphate groups, and the sugar ribose

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17
Q

ATP releases energy to form ADP when…

A

one of the phosphate groups breaks off

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18
Q

Cellular respiration consists of three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. What happens during glycolysis?

A

each glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid, and there is a net gain of two ATP molecules

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19
Q

Photosynthesis has two main stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions occur within the _____________, whereas the Calvin cycle occurs within the _____________.

A

thylakoid membrane/stroma

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20
Q

What event occurs during interphase?

A

the cell rows and DNA replicates

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21
Q

Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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22
Q

What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?

A

it helps separate the chromosomes

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23
Q

The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called…

A

mitosis

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24
Q

Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of…

A

four genetically different diploid cells

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25
Q

Gametes (egg and sperm cells) are produced by the process of…

A

meiosis

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26
Q

All of your diploid cells have 46 chromosomes, but egg and sperm cells are haploid and have ____ chromosomes.

A

23

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27
Q

The person who “discovered” genetic was __________ and mainly studied __________.

A

Mendel/pea plants

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28
Q

The different forms of a gene are called…

A

alleles

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29
Q

The structure of DNA is best described as a…

A

double helix

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30
Q

What are 3 major difference between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA: single-stranded, base U, contains sugar ribose
DNA: double-stranded, base T, contains sugar deoxyribose

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31
Q

An organism’s phenotype is its…

A

physical appearence

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32
Q

An allele whose trait always shows up in an organism when the allele is present is a…

A

dominant allele

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33
Q

Crossing-over or genetic recombination occurs when chromosomes form tetrads during…

A

prophase of meiosis 1

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34
Q

Cellular respiration is a(n) ___________ process, whereas alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation are __________ process.

A

aerobic/anaerobic

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35
Q

The four different nitrogen bases in DNA that determine your genes are…

A

adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine

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36
Q

DNA is made of nucleotides that are held together by…

A

hydrogen and phosphodiester bonds

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37
Q

DNA fits inside the cell’s nucleus by wrapping tightly around ________ and forming chromosomes.

A

protein

38
Q

How did Rosalind Franklin’s work lead to the discovery that DNA is made of two strands?

A

she used x-ray crystallography to produce an image of DNA

39
Q

Transcription and translation are the two main steps of protein synthesis. What is the process of the first step, transcription?

A

it occurs in the nucleus of a cell when DNA is separated and one of the strands is used to make a copy of mRNA

40
Q

Transcription and translation are the two main steps of protein synthesis. What is the process of the second step, translation?

A

it occurs when mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome
tRNA carries amino acids and its anticodon matches with the codon on the mRNA strand
amino acids are joined together to make a growing protein chain

41
Q

The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species is called ____________. It is also known as “survival of the fittest.”

A

natural selection

42
Q

What is the name of a 375-million-year old transitional fossil that is an ancestor to all tetrapods?

A

tiktaalik

43
Q

What is the name of a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce?

A

adaptation

44
Q

Who wrote about the theory of evolution by natural selection in the book On the Origin of Species?

A

charles darwin

45
Q

If a new species forms duo to a mountain range separating two populations, it is called…

A

geographic isolation

46
Q

If a new species forms due to different mating calls or rituals, it is called…

A

behavioral isolation

47
Q

What are 5 things that cause evolution to occur?

A

genetic mutation
natural selection
gene flow
genetic drift
nonrandom mating

48
Q

Population bottleneck occurs when…

A

there is a large decrease in population size, which results in low genetic diversity

49
Q

If both large and small traits are favored in a population and the medium-sized trait does not have a high fitness, over time ___________ will occur.

A

disruptive selection

50
Q

In the human population, an intermediate birth weight of about seven pounds results in a higher fitness level because low and high birth weights can lead to complications during childbirth. What type of selection would you expect to see with birth weight?

A

stabilizing selection

51
Q

What is the maximum number of individuals that an area can support duo to limiting factors, such as food, water, shelter, and space?

A

carrying capacity

52
Q

What is the name of the graph that shows a population increasing at a constant doubling rate? It produces a “J-curve”

A

exponential growth

53
Q

What is the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment?

A

ecology

54
Q

What includes both the abiotic and biotic parts of the environment?

A

ecosystem

55
Q

Enzymes are ___________ that ____________ the speed of a chemical reaction rate.

A

proteins/increase

56
Q

The reactant that binds to the active site on an enzyme is called the…

A

substrate

57
Q

What macromolecule is composed of amino acids and peptide bonds?

A

protein

58
Q

What macromolecule is sugars, that give you energy and provide structure in cell walls and exoskeletons?

A

carbohydrates

59
Q

What is the term that means stable internal conditions?

A

homeostasis

60
Q

What macromolecule is fats that make up the cell membrane and store energy?

A

lipids

61
Q

The theory of evolution is supported by what type of evidence?

A

fossil records
similarities in DNA between different species
similarities in embryos of different species
homologous structures

62
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory?

A

hypothesis: testable prediction
scientific theory: well-tested concept

63
Q

The steps of the scientific method are…

A

make observation
formulate question and hypothesis
test hypothesis in experiment multiple times
analyze results
communicate results

64
Q

______ have a low pH, and ______ have a high pH.

A

acids/bases

65
Q

The water molecule is bent in shape and has two _________ bonds.

A

polar covalent

66
Q

Polar means the electrons are __________ shared between atoms.

A

unequally

67
Q

What 4 elements make up 96.3% of a human’s body weight?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

68
Q

All the compounds in a ____________ are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. The mixture is homogeneous. Is it a suspension or solution?

A

solution

69
Q

The salt in a salt/water solution is called the…

A

solute

70
Q

What particle inside an atom has a negative charge?

A

electron

71
Q

An atom with a positive or negative charge is called…

A

an ion

72
Q

Electrons are shared between atoms in __________ bonds.

A

covalent

73
Q

When you graph data, the __________ variable goes along the x-axis, and the ___________ variable goes along the y-axis.

A

independent/dependent

74
Q

CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene editing tool composed of…

A

an enzyme called Cas9 that cuts DNA and a guiding RNA strand

75
Q

CRISPR-Cas9 was discovered in…

A

bacteria

76
Q

Golden rice was created to…

A

produce and store beta-carotene to help people in the Philippines who needed more vitamin A in their diet

77
Q

CRISPR-Cas9 is currently being tested in clinical trials to treat which genetic disease?

A

sickle cell

78
Q

About how many genes are in the human genome?

A

20,000 to 25,000

79
Q

What are three nitrogen bases called in mRNA?

A

codon

80
Q

True or False? An enzyme itself is not changed or consumed in the reaction, so only a small amount of enzyme is needed, and it can be used over and over.

A

true

81
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate, sugar, 3 nitrogen bases

82
Q

What is the order of mitosis?

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telephase

83
Q

What is a Homozygous Dominant?

A

SS

84
Q

What is a Homozygous Recessive?

A

ss

85
Q

What is a Genetic Male?

A

XY

86
Q

What is a Heterozygous?

A

Ss

87
Q

What is a Genetic Female?

A

XX

88
Q

If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a(n) _________ mutation.

A

silent

89
Q

If an extra base is added, it’s called a(n)…

A

insertion

90
Q

If a base is lost, it’s called a(n)…

A

deletion

91
Q

If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a(n) __________ mutation.

A

missense

92
Q

What are the steps in creating a DNA fingerprint?

A

DNA is extracted from tissue and restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments
PCR amplification
DNA sample loaded into wells
electricity applied to gel
DNA fragments move across the gel
DNA stained with fluorescent dye

1st Semester Finals 2022 (3 decks)

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