Biological Molecules- carbonhydrates

Question 1

Carbonhydrates

Answer 1

Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Includes sugars, starch, cellulose and glycogen

1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides

Question 2

Monosaccharides

Answer 2

Simple single sugars or monomers
General formula C n H 2n O n
The most common examples of hexose (six carbons sugar)

Question 3

Glucose

Answer 3

Formula C6 H12 O6
Its the main respiratory substrate and building blocks for both disaccharides and polysaccharides
Structure of glucose can have two forms: Alpha and Beta

Question 4

Alpha glucose

Answer 4

OH is pointing away from the oxygen

Question 5

Beta glucose

Answer 5

OH is pointing beside the oxygen

Question 6

Fructose

Answer 6

same formula but different shape

pentagon shape

Question 7

Galactose

Answer 7

same formula but different shape

Question 8

Condesation reaction

Answer 8

the reaction that takes place when joining two monosaccharide together in which water is released

Question 9

Glycosidic bond

Answer 9

The bond between the two molecules is called a glycosidic bond

Question 10

Disaccharides

Answer 10

Formula C12 H22 O11

They transport energy or respiratory substrate

Question 11

Example of disaccharides

Answer 11

Maltose= glucose and glucose
Sucrose= glucose and fructose
Lactose= glucose and galactose

Question 12

Polysaccharide

Answer 12

Formula Cn (H2O)n-1 - H2O
Many single sugars are joined together by condensation reaction to form large macromolecules 
They can have a range of functions, including energy storage and structural roles in plant cells

Question 13

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 13

Starch: Amylose and Amylopectin
Cellulose
Glycogen

Question 14

Starch

Answer 14

Found as a storage molecules in plant cells

It’s a mixture of two types of polymers of alpha glucose: amylose and amylopectin

Question 15

Structure of amylose

Answer 15

Polymer of glucose molecules held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 16

Description of amylose

Answer 16

Unbranched, as it lengths spirals making it more compact, 200-500 glucose molecules

Question 17

Properties of amylose

Answer 17

Slow release energy as enzymes work from each end

Question 18

Role of amylose

Answer 18

One of the main energy sources in plants 20% - 30%

Question 19

Structure of amylopectin

Answer 19

Polymer of glucose molecules held together by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond

Question 20

Description of amylopectin

Answer 20

Branched

Question 21

Properties of amylopectin

Answer 21

Faster release energy as enzymes work from different branch endings

Question 22

Role of amylopectin

Answer 22

One of the main energy sources in plant cell 70%-80%

Question 23

Glycogen

Answer 23

A storage carbohydrate in animal cells made up of alpha glucose.
Its very similar to amylopectin but very highly branched

Question 24

Structure of glycogen

Answer 24

Polymer of glucose molecule held together by 1,4 and lots of 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 25

Description of glycogen

Answer 25

Very branched

Question 26

Properties of glycogen

Answer 26

Broken down very rapidly

Question 27

Role of glycogen

Answer 27

Carbohydrate store in animals used in muscles and liver (energy demanding)

Question 28

Cellulose

Answer 28

Found in plant cells and is the main component of the cell wall, made from beta glucose
It forms long fibres that provide structural support and extra strengths, allowing the cell wall to expand slightly when the cell takes up water by osmosis

Question 29

Structure of cellulose

Answer 29

Polymer of Beta Glucose held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
Alternate glucose= cross linking (H/O)

Question 30

Description of cellulose

Answer 30

Unbranched, very straight

Question 31

Properties of cellulose

Answer 31

Poor energy source for animals as difficult to break down

Question 32

Role of cellulose

Answer 32

Structually very strong and important for plant cell walls