Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AS Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the use of carbohydrates in the body?

A
  • used by cells for respiratory substances

- also forms structural components in plasma membranes and cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some things lipids can form in the body?

A
  • form the bilayer of plasma membranes
  • as respiratory substrates
  • certain hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the use of proteins in the body?

A
  • forms many cell structures

- forms enzymes, chemical messengers and components of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the use of nucleic acids in the body?

A

-carries the genetic code for production of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a monomer?

A

the smaller units which form larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a polymer?

A

molecules which are made from a large number of monomers joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does a condensation reaction do?

A

a condensation reaction joins together two molecules with the formation of a chemical bond that involves eliminating water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does a hydrolysis reaction do?

A

it breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

monomers which form larger carbohydrates- e.g fructose, glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what bond is formed between two monosaccharides?

A

glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

formed by the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 examples of disaccharides

A

maltose- formed by 2 glucose molecules
sucrose- formed by glucose and fructose
lactose- formed glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name the two isomers of glucose

A

alpha- where the H bond is at the top

beta- where the OH bond is at the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

formed by the condensation reaction of many glucose units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

examples of polysaccharides?

A

glycogen and starch- formed by condensation of alpha

cellulose- formed by condensation of beta glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars and method?

A
  1. You add benedict’s and then heat to 90 degrees roughly

2. if you get a brick red/orange colour, reducing sugar is present

17
Q

name the structure of triglycerides?

A

-formed by condensation reaction of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

18
Q

what bond does the condensation reaction of fatty acids and glycerol form?

A

ester bond

19
Q

what is the structure of phospholipids?

A

glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

20
Q

properties of phospholipids

A

-phosphate head is hydrophilic whilst tail is hydrophobic which is good for membranes to prevent water soluble substances for getting through

21
Q

what is the structure of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

it contains adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups

22
Q

the equation for the hydrolysis reaction of ADP

A

ATP—————–>ADP +Pi

enzyme ATP hydrolase

23
Q

the purpose of the phosphate ‘Pi’

A

to phosphorylate other compounds- make them more reactive

24
Q

condensation reaction of ATP equation

A

ADP + Pi———————-> ATP

enzyme: ATP synthase

25
Q

Emulsion test for lipids

A
  1. Dissolve sample in alcohol and then add water

2. If you get a white cloudy colour, a lipid is present

26
Q

Describe the structure of proteins

A

1 structure- polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds formed by condensation reactions
2 structure- folding of polypeptide chains of H bonding (alpha helixes/ beta pleated sheets)
3 structure- 3D folding due to H bond and ionic/disulphide bridges
4 structure- 2 or more polypeptide chains

27
Q

Describe the process of mRNA production (4)

A

DNA helicase breaks H bonds between two strands
One strand acts as template
RNA nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases according to base pair ruling
RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides together
pre-mRNA is spliced to remove introns

28
Q

Compare structures of DNA and mRNA

A

DNA has thymine base whilst mRNA has uracil
DNA has base pairing or H bonding
DNA has non coding DNA, mRNA doesn’t
DNA has deoxyribose, mRNA has ribose

29
Q

Use of hydrolysis of ATP in cells

A

Used to provide energy for reactions

To make other molecules reactive

30
Q

Describe the induced-fit model of enzymes

A

Active site isn’t originally complementary to a substrate
Shape of active site changes as substrate binds
Stressing/distorting/bending bonds leads to reactio

31
Q

How does formation of enzyme substrate complexes increases rate of reaction?

A

the bonds are bent

this reduces activation energy of reaction

32
Q

Structure of starch and how they are adapted for their function? (3)

A

Helical so they are compact
Insoluble so they do not affect water potential
Large molecule so they cannot leave the cell

33
Q

How is cellulose adapted for their function in plant cells?

A

Forms long straight chains
They become linked by forming hydrogen bonds to form fibrils
Provide strength to a plant

34
Q

similarities between cellulose and starch

A

contains glyosidic linkage
both polysaccharides
both have hydrogen bonding

35
Q

differences between cellulose and starch

A

starch is alpha glucose, cellulose is beta
starch is branched
starch doesn’t form microfibrils

36
Q

describe what a competitive inhibitor is

A

prevents formation of enzyme-substrate complexes
has a similar shape to the substrate
binds to active site of enzyme preventing substrate from doing so
inhibition can be overcome by more substrate

37
Q

describe what a non competitive inhibitor is

A

prevents enzyme from binding to the substrate
binds to site away from active site
causes active site to change shape
this type of inhibition cannot be overcome by adding more substrate

38
Q

Structure and properties of triglycerides

A

Large non polar molecules~> insoluble in water
High H:O~> releases water when oxidised
Low mass:energy~> good storage, more energy in a smaller volume
High C:H~> energy source

39
Q

Properties of water

A

High specific heat capacity
Good solvent
Good metabolite

AS Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions