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Psychology > BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION - GENDER > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION - GENDER Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the genetic explanation suggest?

A

That sz is inherited and one’s biological process is affected by the activity of certain genes.

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2
Q

Why is sz thought to be a poly genetic disorder?

A

Because there is not one specific “schizophrenia” gene but a collection that are associated with a higher risk of manifesting the condition.

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3
Q

What research supports the explanation for sz being a poly genetic disorder?

A

RIPKE ET AL - analysed 36 thousand sz cases and found 108 to genetic loci to be associated with schizophrenia. Therefore sz is aetiologically heterogeneous since it has multiple genes that cause a risk in development of the disorder.

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4
Q

What is another way - excluding genetic analysis - of studying the development of sz?

A

Family studies

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5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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6
Q

What chromosome pattern do males have?

A

XY

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7
Q

What chromosome pattern do females have?

A

XX

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8
Q

What hormone is mainly found in males?

A

Testosterone

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9
Q

What hormone is mainly found in females

A

Oestrogen/progesterone

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10
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substances that are secreted by glands into the bloodstream that have an impact on how the body works and develops.

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11
Q

What type of behaviours does testosterone provoke?

A

Aggression, competitiveness, visuospatial abilities, high sexual drive.

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12
Q

What determines the sex of the child: egg or sperm?

A

Sperm

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13
Q

Testosterone affects the brain development of the male foetus, what does this result in?

A

Different brain structure in comparison to a females brain

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14
Q

What determines that a male will develop a male genitalia?

A

The Y chromosome

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15
Q

From a meta-analysis, what did Hyde (2005) find?

A

There was very little to no difference between males and females.

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16
Q

True or false? All individuals start out with different genitalia.

A

Falses - every individual is first born with the same genitalia.

17
Q

What is one syndrome caused due to an XXY configuration and only affects males?

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome.

18
Q

What are the affects of klinefelter’s syndrome?

A
  • less masculine- due to reduced testosterone
  • less facial hair
  • breast tissue
  • shorter in height
  • may become infertile
19
Q

What is a syndrome that only affects females?

A

Turners syndrome

20
Q

What causes turners syndrome?

A

The female is born without the second X chromosome.

21
Q

What are the effects of turners syndrome?

A
  • shorter in height
  • dysfunctional ovaries
  • abnormal puberty
  • heart defects/kidney problems
  • poor spatial ability
22
Q

How is studying atypical sex chromosomes beneficial?

A

We can then learn what sex chromosomes are cause certain abilities.

23
Q

How do hormones in females and males have an impact on gender development?

A

Generally, males will have more testosterone than females and females will have more oestrogen than males, although both will have a small amount of the other hormone. However, a drastic production in these hormones can effect gender development.

24
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on female behaviour?

A

It can lead to premenstrual tension (PMT).

25
Q

What are the symptoms of pmt?

A

Headaches, cramps, clumsiness, tiredness, mood swings, depression and aggression

26
Q

Who believed that PMT was a potential reason for females to possess the criminal behaviour?

A

Easteal (199)

27
Q

True or false - oxytocin is produced in both males and females

A

True

28
Q

Why is oxytocin important ?

A

It allows us to develop bonds and create attachments. As well as aiding social recognition.

29
Q

Who found that high levels of oxytocin in males improved their ability to recognise other people’s faces?

A

Rimmele et al (2009)

30
Q

What does CAH stand for?

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Psychology (4 decks)

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