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Developmental Psychology > Biological Beginnings > Flashcards

Biological Beginnings Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptive behavior

A

Promotes an organism’s survival in its natural habitat

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2
Q

Natural selection

A

Evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce

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3
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures made up of DNA

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5
Q

DNA

A

Complex double helix molecule that contains genetic info

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6
Q

Genes

A

Units of hereditary info (ie: short segments of DNA)

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7
Q

True or False: evolution gave us biological potentialities , but does not dictate behavior according to evolutionary psychology

A

True

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8
Q

What is the best approach for testing ideas coming out of evolutionary psychology?

A

Studying specific gees in humans and other species and their links to traits and behaviors

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9
Q

Human genome

A

Complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism

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10
Q

Gene expression is affected by what?

A

The environment (ie: stress, radiation, and temperature)

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11
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

Mitosis = reproduction of cells

Meiosis = cell division that forms sperm and eggs (gametes)

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12
Q

Zygote

A

Single cell formed through fertilization

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13
Q

Important sources of variability in biological development

A
  1. Chromosomes in the zygote are not exact copies of those in the mother’s ovaries and father’s testes
  2. Mutated genes (ie: permanently altered segment of DNA)
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14
Q

Genotype vs. Phenotype

A

Genotype = person’s genetic material

Phenotype = observational characteristics (including physical and psychological)

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15
Q

Dominant and recessive genes principle

A

One gene pair always exerts its effects (dominant) thus overriding the potential influence of the other gene (recessive)

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16
Q

What is X-linked inheritance and who does it effect most?

A
  1. Mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome

2. Males

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17
Q

Down syndrome

A

Chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability, caused by presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21

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18
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Sex linked chromosomal abnormality that causes males to have an extra X chromosome (XXY)

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19
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

Sex linked chromosome abnormality where there is an abnormality in the X chromosome which becomes constricted and often breaks

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20
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Sex linked chromosomal abnormality where females have an X chromosome missing (XO)

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21
Q

XXY syndrome

A

Sex linked chromosomal abnormality where males have an extra Y chromosome

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22
Q

What are gene linked abnormalities and give examples

A

Abnormalities caused by defective genes (ie: PKU, SCA, CF)

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23
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

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24
Q

Twin study

A

Behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins compared

25
Q

Adoption study

A

Seek to discover whether, in behavior, and psychological characteristics, adopted children are:

  1. More like their adoptive parents, who provided a home environment
  2. More like their biological parents, who contributed to their heredity
26
Q

What are the 3 types of heredity-environment correlations?

A
  1. Passage genotype-environmental correlations
  2. Evocative genotype-environmental correlations
  3. Active (niche picking) genotype environment correlations
27
Q

Passive genotype environment correlations

A

Occurs b/c biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child (ie: parent likes to read so give child books and child becomes good at reading too)

28
Q

Evocative genotype environment correlations

A

Occurs b/c child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments (ie: if a child smiles a lot more likely to be surrounded by people than one who cries regularly)

29
Q

Active (niche picking) genotype environment correlations

A

Occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating (child likes music so they find an environment where they can hone their skill and prosper)

30
Q

Epigenetic view

A

Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange b/w heredity and environment

31
Q

Gene X environment (G X E) interaction

A

Interactions of:

  1. Specific measured variation in DNA
  2. Specific measured aspects of environment
32
Q

True or False: We are the outcome of our heredity and the environment we experience but we can also author a unique developmental path by changing our environment.

A

True

33
Q

3 stages of prenatal development

A
  1. Germinal period
  2. Embryonic period
  3. Fetal period
34
Q

What takes place during germinal period of prenatal development and when does it take place?

A
  1. Includes: creation of zygote, cell division, and attachment of the multicellular organism to the uterine wall
  2. First 2 weeks after conception
35
Q

When does the embryonic period occur and what occurs during it?

A
  1. 2 to 8 weeks after conception

2. Rate of cell differentiation intensifies (organs begin to develop)

36
Q

Organogenesis

A

Process of organ formation during the first 2 months of prenatal development

37
Q

When does the fetal period of prenatal development occur and what occurs during it ?

A
  1. From 2 months after conception until birth (about 7 months total)
  2. Growth and development continue their drastic course during this time
38
Q

What are the 6 different types of prenatal diagnostic tests that can be done to determine if fetus is developing normally?

A
  1. US
  2. CVS
  3. Amniocentesis
  4. Maternal blood screen
  5. Fetal MRI
  6. Fetal sex determination (cell free DNA analysis)
39
Q

Teratogen

A

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes (ie: infectious diseases, drugs, incompatible blood type, nutritional deficiencies, maternal stress, advance age of parents, environmental pollutants)

40
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum d/o

A

Cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy (ie: facial deformities, defective limbs and heart, learning problems, and/or intellectual disability)

41
Q

Prenatal care includes?

A
  1. Defined scheduled visits for medical care to screen for manageable conditions and treatable disease that can affect baby/mom
  2. Comprehensive educational, social, and nutritional services
42
Q

What does 1st stage of birth process include and how long does it last?

A
  1. Uterine contractions dilate cervix and contractions become more intensified
  2. Longest stage (for 1st time mom anywhere from 6 to 12 hours)
43
Q

What occurs is the 2nd stage of the birth process and for how long?

A
  1. Baby’s head starts t move through north canal from maternal pushing efforts
  2. Ends when baby is completely out of the mother’s body (45 mins to 1 hour)
44
Q

What occurs during stage 3 of the birth process and how long does it take?

A
  1. Placenta detaches and is expelled

2. Last only mins

45
Q

Methods of childbirth

A
  1. Medicated (epidural and/or Pitocin used)
  2. Natural childbirth (no drugs used)
  3. Prepared childbirth (aka Lamaze method)
  4. C-section
46
Q

Who may be present during childbirth?

A
  1. Midwife (helps during and afterbirth)
  2. Doula (helps prior, during and after birth)
  3. MD (helps during birth)
47
Q

What is the apgar score used for?

A

Assesses health of newborn at 1 and 5 mins after birth by rating infant’s HR, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability

48
Q

Small for dates (aka small for gestational age)

A

When infant is below normal birth weight despite length of pregnancy considered

49
Q

Preterm

A

When infant is born 3 weeks or more before the pregnancy reaches full term

50
Q 
Low birth weight 
vs. 
very low birth weight 
vs. 
extremely low birth weight
A

Low = <5 lbs
Very low = <3 lbs
Extremely low = <2 lbs

51
Q

Consequences of low birth weight and preterm

A
  1. Learning disabilities
  2. ADHD
  3. Autism
  4. Breathing problems
52
Q

Interventions of low weight and preterm babies in NICU

A
  1. Kangaroo care (skin to skin contact w/ baby held against parent’s bare chest)
  2. Massage
53
Q

Bonding

A

Formation of a connection; especially physical, b/w parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth

54
Q

Bonding hypothesis

A

Proposes “critical period” short after birth to form an emotional attachment and foundation for optimal development

55
Q

What occurs during postpartum period and when does it occur?

A
  1. Mother’s body completes adjustment (both psych and physically) and returns to a nearly pre-pregnant state
  2. After childbirth til about 6 weeks
56
Q

Physical adjustments seen in postpartum period

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Loss of sleep
  3. Sudden and dramatic change in hormone production
  4. Involution (uterus returns t pre-pregnant size)
57
Q

Emotional adjustments that can occur during postpartum period? Which is more common? Which likely needs treatment?

A
  1. Postpartum blues and/or postpartum depression
  2. Postpartum blues
  3. Postpartum depression
58
Q

Postpartum blues vs. depression

A

Blues = intermittent feels of anxiety, depression, and upset usually subsiding after 1-2 weeks

Depression = strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, despair, and trouble coping w/ daily tasks (sxs tend to linger for weeks or months)

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

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