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BIOMED YEAR 1 > BIOL1002 > Flashcards

BIOL1002 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory?

A

Cells are the fundamental units that form organisms, and originate from pre existing cells.

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2
Q

State what a prokaryote is

A

Prokaryotes are types of cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, but store DNA in a nucleoid and form organisms such as bacteria and archaea.

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3
Q

Plasmid

A

small loops of DNA that are separate from circular DNA, which contain genes that can be passed between prokaryotes to provide antibiotic resistance.

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4
Q

Polysaccharide Capsule

A

Slimy outer layer that protects the bacteria from desiccation. Adheres to surfaces as well as protecting cell from attack from the immune system

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5
Q

Flagellum

A

Long-tail structure that enables rotation and motility.

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6
Q

Cell Wall

A

provides structure and rigidity to the cell by containing the cytoplasm, as well protecting from dehydration

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7
Q

Cell membrane

A

Selectively semipermeable lipid membrane that controls the intake and outtake of cell.

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like solution and is made of water salt and proteins

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis

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10
Q

Pili

A

long structures that are involved in conjugation.

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11
Q

What structures are unique to prokaryotes

A

Plasmid, polysaccharide capsule, flagellum, no nucleus

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12
Q

State what a eukaryote is

A

Eukaryotes are cells with nucleuses,and intercellular membranes that form subcellular structures, these are large cells that are metabolically cells that form animal cells and are complex.

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13
Q

Plasma membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer that separates the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm by acting as a semi permeable membrane, and contains proteins that are form channels and react to stimuli and peripheral proteins that bind to hormones and cell interactions

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

a double-membraned structure that stores the cell’s DNA. DNA is organised into structures called chromosomes.

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of membranous tubules that participate in protein and lipid synthesis.

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16
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes, making it the site for protein synthesis

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17
Q

Smooth ER

A

involved in lipid synthesis as well as hydrolysis of glycogen

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18
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

flattened membranous sacs involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for transport

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

double-membraned organelles are where aerobic respiration takes place, producing ATP

20
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Present only in plant cells ,sites of photosynthesis where light energy is converted into chemical energy

21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules into monomers

22
Q

Vacuoles

A

Large membrane-bound sacs that store various substances. In plant cells, the central vacuole is particularly large and is responsible for maintaining turgor pressure.

23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein filaments that provide structural support, help maintain cell shape, and are involved in cell movement and division. It includes structures like microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.

24
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Small, round organelles surrounded by a single membrane and containing enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxify certain chemicals.

25
Q

nuclear envelope

A

provides structure that separates it from the cytoplasm , the inner membrane and the outer membrane form the nuclear envelope made of a phospholipid bilayer

26
Q

nuclear pores

A

control substances that transport into the nucleus via passive diffusion, nuclear localisation sequences are actively transported.

27
Q

Nuclear plasm

A

provides structure and an environment for reactions to take place

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

area in which ribosomes transcribe proteins

29
Q

Histones

A

proteins that condense DNA

30
Q

Porins

A

proteins are selective permeable that is controlled by membrane potential

31
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of cellular material in a cell

32
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains cell shape and support , provides mode for cell movement and tracks for motor proteins, which is made up of Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

33
Q

Microfilaments

A

determine and support cell shape , made of strands of actin that help muscle contraction and contains protrusions to help mobility

34
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

provide good mechanical strength and stabilise structure

35
Q

Microtubules

A

Long hollow tubules that keep organelles in place and aid cell division

36
Q

MULTICELLULARITY

A

Allows for increase in size,lifespan and complexity

37
Q
A
38
Q

State and describe the function of a membrane

A

A membrane defines and compartmentalises the cell, serves as a site for functions as enzymes,transport proteins, electron carriers and pigments are embedded.They control the transport of ions in and out of the cell and it’s compartments , and communicate with cells by transmitting and detecting external signals

39
Q

Describe the shape of the membrane

A

An asymmetrical bilayer of lipid molecules that contain specialised specific proteins ,that are a dynamic structure

40
Q

Describe how membranes enable the function of cell transport.

A

Cells can establish desired cellular environment via the use of transport proteins.Transport proteins mediate the permeability of the membrane to biological molecules.The membrane allows for imports of metabolites, due to metabolic processes only to take place in internal environments, as well as the export of debris. Membranes regulate the cell volume by transport proteins allowing for water to permeate, they also regulate pH by the generation and use of ion gradients.

41
Q

How does the structure of a membrane enable compartmentalisation

A

Membranes contain organelles that allow for specialisation and efficiency by containing internal membranes to allow maintenance repair and regulation by molecules and ions.

42
Q

Describe the channels that transport proteins use to allow transport.

A

Porins are proteins that are non selective beta barrel pores that allow for transport, the sensors located monitor extra cellular osmolarity via signal transduction

43
Q

Describe signal transduction as a method to send signals

A

The signal binds to a receptor and then the signal is transmitted to a specific regulator which causes a specific cellular response another method would be regulated intramembrane proteolysis

44
Q

How are membranes specialised for cell transport, response, recognition and attachment

A

Glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are recognised by other cells. Hydrophilic channels selectively facilitate the

45
Q

What is DNA composed of

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid are linear polymers of nucleotides and polynucleotides

46
Q

Describe what a nucleotide is composed of

A

A pentode sugar, nitrogenous base, a phosphate group

BIOMED YEAR 1 (2 decks)

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