bioethics

Question 1

consequences-based approach

Answer 1

• places central importance on the consideration of the consequences of an action (the ends), with the aim to achieve maximisation of positive outcomes and minimisation of negative effects.
• this is looking to maximise the positive outcomes, and minimise the negative outcomes, with less regard to the actions taken to get there.

Question 2

duty and/or rule based approach

Answer 2

• concerned with how people act (the means)
• places central importance on the idea that people have a duty to act in a particular way, and that certain ethical rules must be followed, regardless of the consequences that may be produced.
• this is focused on a system of laws/beliefs/duties that cannot be broken

Question 3

virtues based approach

Answer 3

• person-based rather than action-based.
• consideration is given to the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out the action, providing guidance about the characteristics and behaviours a good person would seek to achieve to then be able to act in the right way.
• making decisions on one’s own moral compass, regardless of harms caused
• the ‘goodness’ of an action —> e.g. Being honest is inherently good, regardless of whether it causes you to break a rule, or cause some harm

Question 4

integrity

Answer 4

doing the right thing when no one is looking

• having integrity means being honest, trustworthy and keeping your word

Question 5

justice

Answer 5

people get what they deserve

• equal distribution of benefits, risks, costs and resources

Question 6

beneficence

Answer 6

doing good to others

• aiming to improve the conditions of others through generosity, charity and kindness

Question 7

non-maleficence

Answer 7

doing no harm

• avoiding actions which leads to harmful consequences

Question 8

respect

Answer 8

honouring someones, feelings, needs or decisions

• considering the wellbeing, freedom, independence, value and beliefs of all people