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INTRO TO BME fall '24 > BioE exam 1 study guide > Flashcards

BioE exam 1 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

biocomputing

A

application of computational tools to capture and assess biological data (ex: genetics, imaging)

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2
Q

bioimaging

A

macro or micro imaging techniques to assess the human body

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3
Q

bioinstrumentation

A

medical devices that are used to measure and treat biological systems

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4
Q

types of medical imaging: structural/anatomical information

A

CT scan, MRI, ultrasound

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5
Q

types of medical imaging: info about function

A

PET scan, SPECT, fMRI

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6
Q

who announces x-ray discovery?

A

Wilhelm Rontgen (1895)

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7
Q

information about x-rays

A

-form of electromagnetic radiation
-used to generate images of tissues and
structures inside the body
-x-rays travel through the body
and are absorbed in different amounts by different tissues

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8
Q

fluoroscopy

A

a fluoroscope takes X-rays and sends the images to a monitor, like a “continuous x-ray” (applications: interventional radiology, orthopedic, placing a catheter)

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9
Q

advantages of fluoroscopy

A

-mobile
-real-time
-inexpensive compared to MRI and CT
-good bone contrast

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10
Q

disadvantages of fluoroscopy

A

-poor soft tissue contrast
-limited field of view (20-40 cm)
-high x-ray dose to all parties
-poor joint encoding
-loss of depth & volume for most

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11
Q

ct scan (computed tomography)

A

CT’s objective is to reconstruct several image cross-sections of anatomical structures

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12
Q

advantages of ct scan

A

-images appear a lot more clearer than x-ray images
-better joint encoding
-fast imaging
-fewer restrictions than MRI (no prohibition of implanted devices),
-excellent contrast for imaging tissue

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13
Q

disadvantages of ct scan

A

-(ionizing) radiation
-not suitable for pregnant women
-misdiagnosis (because its so detailed, it can alert doctors to minor abnormalities)
-expensive, metal implants cause artifacts (ex: noise, motion)

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14
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnet to create detailed images of the inside of the body

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15
Q

advantages of MRI

A

-doesn’t use ionizing radiation
-good contrast between different soft tissues of the body
multi-planar imaging without changing the patient position (or direction of magnetic field)

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16
Q

disadvantages of MRI

A

-motion artifacts
-metal is prohibited because of extremely strong magnets
-the scanner’s center is narrow
-long duration of a scan (20-90 minutes)
-very expensive

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17
Q

ultrasound

A

-first ultrasound system for medical imaging was made mainly by
Howry and Wild (1950s)
-US uses sound waves to make pictures of organs, tissues, and other structures inside your body

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18
Q

advantages of ultrasound

A

-no radiation
-real-time 2D, 3D, 4D imaging
-cheap, ease of access and portable

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19
Q

disadvantages of ultrasound

A

-high levels of noise
-small field of view
-tissue boundaries blurry
-user dependent imaging
-change of anatomy appearance, image scan orientation different than other imaging modalities

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20
Q

intraoperative guidance

A

fusion of US with other imaging modalities (MRI, CT) –> intra-operative volumes can be resampled and
resliced using the orientation information of the US
probe

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21
Q

US elastography

A

medical imaging modality that maps the elastic properties of soft tissue

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22
Q

PET scan (positron-emission topography)

A

uses a radioactive tracer to create 3D images of the inside of the body

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23
Q

advantages of PET scan

A

-real-time
-2D, 3D, 4D imaging
-cheap, ease of access and portable

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24
Q

disadvantages of PET scan

A

-tracers are unsafe for pregnant women
-limited use in diabetic patients

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25
Q

electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)

A

measures the electrical activity in the heart

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26
Q

electromyogram (EMG)

A

measures the muscles response to nerve activity

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27
Q

electrooculogram (EOG)

A

measures the corneo-retinal potential across the eye

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28
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

measures electrical activity in the brain

29
Q

(from hw 1) which imaging modality does not use ionizing radiation?

A

MRI

30
Q

(from hw 1) which of the following techniques is best suited to assist you in quickly and inexpensively identifying these properties of the patient’s lesion (if their lump is soft)?

A

US elastography

31
Q

(from hw 1) for patients with pacemakers and other implanted medical devices, which imaging modality should be avoided?

A

MRI

32
Q

(from hw 1) contrast agents provide…

A

greater clarity when imaging soft tissues and cavities within the body

33
Q

some examples of artifacts

A

-metal –> can show up as low-contrast shadows or streaks on the medical scans
-noise –> can cause streaks or flashing color bands on the image
-motion –> can blur images that are sharp and cause signal loss

34
Q

cell

A

building block of life, self-contained living unit within a larger organism

35
Q

what is the longest cell in the body (3 ft)?

A

neuron

36
Q

microscope

A

magnifies objects that are too small to be seen

37
Q

types of microscopes

A

-compound microscope (multiple lens) can allow us to see cells → multiple lens bend light which produces a more magnified image
-light, fluorescent, and electron microscopes provide various imaging capabilities

38
Q

light microscopy

A

-visible light passes through the specimen and is bent by the lens system (can be used on living cells)
-ex: phase contrast, brightfield
-specimens must be transparent

39
Q

magnification

A

how much larger the microscope makes an object appear

40
Q

resolution

A

the smallest distance that two points can be separate and still recognized as separate points (think about like image quality)

41
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

uses filters to set excitation and emission wavelengths (starting at a higher wavelength than they are emitting, requires a lot of energy)

42
Q

confocal microscopy

A

conical beam of light

43
Q

electron microscopy

A

-produce an image using a beam of electrons → electrons have smaller wavelengths and allow for higher resolution images to be produced
-slices of cells

44
Q

scanning vs transmission

A

scanning: electrons move across the surface
transmission: samples are sliced very thin before imaging and electrons pass through the sample rather than across

45
Q

membrane proteins

A

different cells have different types of proportions of proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer: structural proteins, enzymes, surface receptor proteins

46
Q

cell membranes

A

separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment, selectively permeable

47
Q

passive transport

A

movement of solutes “downhill” from a region of high [ ] to low [ ], does not require energy (ex: osmosis, diffusion)

48
Q

active transport

A

requires input of energy to pump the solute against its concentration gradient (ex: sodium potassium pump)

49
Q

solute moving between intra and extracellular spaces is ________ charged

A

electrically charged → transport is affected by concentration and electric potential gradient

50
Q

what are the largest negatively charged anion molecules in the body?

A

nucleic acids

51
Q

depolarized

A

+ ions move in, - ions move out

52
Q

hyperpolarized

A

-ions move in, + ions move out

53
Q

osmosis

A

flow of water down its own concentration gradient (hypertonic: high solute [ ] and hypotonic: low solute [ ])

54
Q

glial cell

A

provides support & protection for neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

55
Q

__________ required to perfectly balance out the movement of ions down its concentration gradient

A

electric potential

56
Q

if membrane potential > equilibrium potential….

A

electrical force is larger and electrochemical force is in the direction of the driving force

57
Q

donnan equilibrium

A

concentration gradient and electric potential gradient for each ion are balanced (ions are free to move across membrane)

58
Q

(from hw 2) one artifact that causes issues with mircoscopy is…

A

pixelation, which happens as a result of the magnification levels being too high for the image sensors to understand, making the image low in quality and important details become hard to interpret.

59
Q

T or F: fluoroscopy is preferred over X-ray imaging because it can provide real-time images

A

true

60
Q

T or F: you can use a x-ray to diagnose a muscle tear

A

false - xrays are better for seeing bones because bones are more denser than soft tissue/muscles

61
Q

T or F: you can use a x-ray to diagnose a broken bone

A

true

62
Q

T or F: resolution is how much larger an image appears

A

false - it is smallest distance that two points can be separate and still recognized as separate points

63
Q

T or F: electron microscopes use a beam of light to produce an image

A

false - they use a beam of electrons

64
Q

T or F: plasma membrane regulates the transport of nutrients between the intracellular and extracellular environment

A

true - because molecules can diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer (amphipathic), is semi-permeable, transport proteins, active transport

65
Q

T or F: ions can passively pass through the cell membrane

A

false - because they are charged, so they need special protein channels to cross the membrane passively (facilitated diff)

66
Q

T or F: a CT scan can be given to pregnant women

A

false - hella radiation

67
Q

what imaging techniques can you not use metal for?

A

x-ray, CT scan, MRI

68
Q

how to find current density:

A

subtract result from Goldman’s equation and result from Nernst equation and take the magnitude

69
Q

what is needed for a solute to be transported against its concentration gradient?

A

active transport molecule, ATP, concentration gradient

INTRO TO BME fall '24 (3 decks)

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