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Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms of life?

A 
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Anamalia
Fungi
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2
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Eubacteria?

A

Unicellular
Heterotroph
Anaerobic or Aerobic
Asexual reproduction

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3
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Archaebacteria?

A

Unicellular
Heterotroph
Anaerobic
Asexual Reproduction

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4
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Protista?

A 
Protists were the first eukaryotes
All protists are eukaryotes
Either unicellular or multicellular
Autotrophs and/or Heterotrophs 
Reproduce asexually but some can reproduce sexually
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5
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom of Plantae?

A

Multicellular
Autotroph
Aerobic
Sexual and asexual reproduction

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6
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Anamalia?

A

Multicellular
Heterotroph
Aerobic
Sexual reproduction

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7
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Fungi?

A

Multicellular
Heterotophic
Aerobic
Sexual and asexual Reprodution

Two types of food intake:
Saprobes: absorb food from decaying matter
Parasitic: feed on living organisms

Absorption methods:
Endocytosis
Hyphae: threadlike filaments that grow into mycelium

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8
Q

What is a virus/ what are some characteristics of viruses?

A

Non living pathogens (disease causing)
Infect all types of cells
Most are harmful however some can benefit humankind (ie. drug and gene therapy)
Not made of cells
Have no organelles or cell membrane
Do not perform any cellular functions such as cellular respiration, protein synthesis,DNA replication and no photosynthesis
Cannot reproduce on their own
Characteristics of Viruses
Extremely small (approx 1 billionth of a meter)
Viruses are made of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by capsid
Some viruses are surrounded by a viral envelope obtained from the host cell’s membrane
Proteins on the envelope help the virus to infect living cells & different viruses have different proteins
Viruses are obligate parasites- they require host cells for reproduction
They cannot copy their own genetic information nor can they build new capsids or envelopes
They parasite living cells which do the work of reproduction usually resulting in the death of the host cell
Life cycles can be either lytic or lysogenic

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9
Q

What is the lytic life cycle?

A

Attachment- target specific cells due to proteins on the outside of the host cell
Entry- RNA or DNA injected into host cell
Replication- viral genetic material commands the host cell to copy genetic information & to make viral proteins = protein coat
Assembly- genetic material is packaged into protein coat forming new viruses
Release- host cell bursts releasing new viruses which can infect neighbouring cells

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10
Q

What is the lysogenic life cycle?

A

Attachement
Entry
2b. Provirus - viral DNA becomes part of host DNA- no symptoms
2c. Cell division- includes copying of the viral DNA-no symptoms
3. Replication- viral DNA ‘turns on’ causing the host cell to copy genetic information & to make viral proteins
4. Assembly
5. Release

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11
Q

What are the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes:

  • No membrane bound nucleus
  • All unicellular
  • Single circular chromosome
  • Flagella movement spin-like
  • Cell division via binary fission
  • Asexual reproduction only
  • Few to no membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes:

  • Membrane-bound nucleus present
  • Unicellular and multicellular
  • Multiple linear chromosomes
  • Flagella movement whip-like
  • cell divison via mitosis
  • Asexual and/or sexual reproduction
  • Many membrane-bound organelles
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

The two kingdoms of bacteria Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
All bacteria are unicellular and reproduce by binary fission
Cells are prokaryotic so have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
All bacteria have plasmids

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13
Q

How are prokaryotic cells identified?

A

Bacteria is identified based on size and shape, nutrition, movement, uses and DNA comparisons
Bacterial cells are stained using Gram stains

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14
Q

What are the two types of prokaryotic cells?

A

Archaebacteria
-often referred to as ‘extremophiles’ since they inhabit environments which would be deadly to other forms of life (hot springs, volcanos, very salty water)
Eubacteria
-Common types of bacteria which can be beneficial to humans (make cheeses) or can cause disease (strep throat)

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15
Q

Describe Archaebacteria, and the three types

A 
Oldest group of living organisms
Thrive in extreme conditions
Many of them live anaerobically
They are not pathogenic
All of them are heterotrophs

Three major groups of archaebacteria are
Methanogens (found in swamps, sewage areas and other places with high methane)
Halophiles (found in very salty environments such as salt lakes)
Thermophiles (found in extremely hot environments such as volcanoes and hot springs)

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16
Q

Describe Eubacteria?

A

Contains a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Can live in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions
Some are pathogenic

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17
Q

Describe Protista

A

The first eukaryotes to evolve so contains membrane bound nucleus and organelles
There are three types: animal like, plant like and fungal like

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18
Q

What are Protozoa and the different types?

A

Animal Like Protista
Called Protozoa
Unicellular
Heterotrophs
Classified based on their type of locomotion
Some can move with flagella, cilia or pseudopodia
Some cannot move
Reproduction is mostly asexual or through binary fission
Reproduction can be sexual in times of stress
Often found in water either freshwater or marine

Types of Protozoa
Flagellates:
Move using long flagella
Heterotrophs that consume bacteria and other protists

Ciliates:
Move using hundreds of cilia
Cilia are used to sweep food particles into the organism
Common to freshwater

Sarcodines:
Move using pseudopodia
Pseudopodia surround prey and prey is digested inside the organism

Sporozoans
Cannot move
Produce spores during one point in their life cycle

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19
Q

Describe plant like protista

A 
Some are unicellular
Some are multicellular
Classified based on the type of chlorophyll, structural differences and metabolism (autotrophic vs heterotrophic)
Reproduction is asexual
Cells surrounded by cell wall
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20
Q

Describe fungal like protista

A

Usually unicellular
Can congregate into multicellular structures for sexual reproduction using spores
Heterotrophic (can be parasitic or decomposers)
Usually multiply asexually
Can be sexual
Cells surrounded by cell wall different from cell wall of the fungi kingdom

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21
Q

Describe Fungi

A

Eukaryotic cells surrounded by a cell wall
Most are multicellular
Are heterotrophs
Get energy from consuming living and decaying organisms
Structure
Bodies made up of many filaments called hyphae
Most hyphae are found underground in a network called mycelium

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22
Q

What are the two types of body symmetry?

A

Radial: The body parts are arranged around a central axis so more than 1 imaginary plane result in mirror images (ie. starfish, jellyfish, sandollar)

Bilateral: the body parts are arranged with front and back, tops and bottoms, rights and lefts, so that only one plane results in mirror images (ie. humans, frogs, birds)

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23
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

Have internal skeleton made of bones or cartilage which surrounds a spinal chord
Includes fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals

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24
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

an animal lacking a backbone, such as an arthropod, mollusk, annelid, coelenterate, etc. The invertebrates constitute an artificial division of the animal kingdom, comprising 95 percent of animal species and about 30 different phyla.

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25
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

When energy is produced by breaking down sugar, happens in the presence of oxygen

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26
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

When energy is produced by breaking down sugar, happens without oxygen

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27
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction by mitosis or binary fission, produces cells identical to the original cell

28
Q

Autotrophic

A

Is able to produce its own food energy from the sun’s light energy

29
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

The system of giving a two word latin name to each species- the first part is the genus and the second part is the species

30
Q

Cilia

A

short hairs (usually on protista and bacteria)

31
Q

Flagella

A

long hairs (usually on protista and bacteria)

32
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Cannot produce it’s own energy, must ingest other living things for food energy

33
Q

What are the classes of vertabrae?

A 
Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
34
Q

What are the characteristics of Agnatha?

A 
Jawless
Circular toothed mouth
Most primitive vertabrae
Skeleton made of cartilage
2 chambered heart
Absence of paired fins
Slimy skins without scales
Single nostril
35
Q

What are the characteristics of Chondrichthyes?

A 
Jawed
Triangular teeth that are shed and replaced
Paired fins for movement
Scales on skin
Paired nostrils
2 chambered heart
36
Q

What are the characteristics of Osteichthyes?

A 
Jawed
Skeleton made from bone
Paired fins and nostrils
Scales on skin
Swim bladder
2 chambered heart
37
Q

What are the characteristics of Amphibia?

A

Skeleton made from bones and cartilage
3 chambered heart
Skin has no scales
Gills when young, lungs when mature

38
Q

What are the characteristics of Reptilia?

A 
Many are 4 limbed
Skin covered in scales
Lungs
3 chambered heart: 2 aorta and 1 ventricle separated by a septum
Cold blooded
Skeleton made from bones
Solitary creatures
39
Q

What are the characteristics of Aves?

A 
Warm blooded
4 chambered heart
Hollow bones
Feathers
Air sacs for continuous supply of oxygen
Improved sight
Beak with no teeth
Bipedal
40
Q

What are the characteristics of Mammalia?

A 
What are the characteristics of Mammalia?
Hair/fur
Mammary glands
Warm-blooded
4 chambered heart
3 middle ear bones
41
Q

What are the classes of Invertebrates?

A

Porifera (Sponges)

Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, and Anemones)

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Porifera?

A

Lack true tissues or organs

Sessile

43
Q

What are the characteristics of Cnidaria?

A

Radial symmetry
Have nemotocysts
External fertilization

44
Q

What characteristics of Echinodermata?

A

Asexual (regeneration) and sexual reproduction

Lack respiratory and circulatory systems

45
Q

Pseudopod

A

arm like’ projections usually on protista

46
Q

Taxonomy

A

the branch of biology that identifies, names and classifies species based on natural features

47
Q

Developmental Similarities

A

Compares early stages of embryonic development to reveal similarities

48
Q

Structural Similarities

A

Similar anatomical structures can indicate a common ancestor (regardless of function)

Homologous structures = structures are similar in form but have different functions
Analogous structures = structure AND function are similar in different organisms

49
Q

what are the 6 kingdoms?

A 
Animals 
Plants
Protists
Archaea (Archaebacteria)
Eubacteria
Fungi
50
Q

genetic similarties

A

Organisms are more likely to share common ancestors if they are genetically similar
Genetic traits are inherited and the more genes they have in common, the closer their relationship

51
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary relationships between species

52
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between organisms

53
Q

Characteristics of bacteria:

A

All are single-celled.
All are prokaryotes - DNA is not surrounded by a membrane.
Cell organelles are NOT surrounded by a membrane.
DNA of bacteria is made up of a single chromosome.
All bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission.

54
Q

Gram stain

A

Bacteria can be classified by their reaction to a gram stain (made of crystal violet and iodine)
Gram - positive:
Cells that retain the dye and appear purple
Cells have different cell wall
Are more common, less pathogenic
Gram- negative:
Cells that don’t retain dye and are light pink

55
Q

what are the 4 modes of nutrition?

A

Photoautroph

  • Energy source: Light
  • Carbon source: CO2

Chemoautroph

  • Energy souce: Inorganic chemicals
  • Carbon source: CO2

Photoheterotroph:

  • Energy source: Light
  • Carbon souce: organic compounds

Chemohetertroph:

  • Energy source: Organic compounds
  • Carbon source: Organic compounds
56
Q

Types of respiration for bacteria

A

Aerobes (use oxygen for respiration)
- Obligate aerobes: need oxygen to survive

Anaerobes( don’t need oxygen for respiration)

  • Obligate anaerobes: presence of oxygen kills them
  • Facultative aerobes: can survive with or without oxygen
57
Q

Reproduction in bacteria:

A

Reproduce asexually by binary fission
Parent cell divides into two identical offspring
No exchange of genetic material
Most bacteria can divide 15-20 minutes under good conditions
Mutations are rare, but because they reproduce so frequently, many mutations do occur. This affects their diversity and evolution.

58
Q

Conjucation

A

Bacterium have one chromosome, and a smaller ring of DNA called a plasmid. Plasmids contain fewer genes.
If conditions are not optimal, bacteria may take part in conjugation.
Conjugation - two bacteria cells connect via a protein bridge. The plasmid of one cell is given to the other. The receiving bacteria now has a new genetic makeup. This increases its changes of surviving the new (poor) conditions.

59
Q

how do vaccinations work?

A

Mixture that contains weakened parts of a dangerous virus
Introduces the immune system to the virus without causing an infection

When injected, the body creates a form of chemical memory
Allows immune system to react quickly if it ever comes in contact with the real virus

60
Q

Traits of protists

A 
Protists were the first eukaryotes
All protists are eukaryotes
Either unicellular or multicellular
Autotrophs and/or Heterotrophs 
Reproduce asexually but some can reproduce sexually
61
Q

Reproduction methods of Fungi

A

Both asexual and sexual by means of spores
Spores are haploid (n)
Contain half the amount of chromosomes
Categorized based on pattern of sexual reproduction

62
Q

3 main categories of Fungi

A

Caselike Fungi (Phylum: Zygomycota)

Terrestrial saprobes
Spores in caselike structure: sporangium
Hyphae that extend into the food source: rhizoids

Reproduction:
Asexual if favourable conditions
Sexual if unfavourable conditions

Saclike Fungi (Phylum: Ascomycota)

Spores in saclike (ascus) structure
Saprobic

Reproduction:
Asexual: spores called conidia
Found on tips of reproductive hyphae
Sexual: produces ascospores, dormant

Clublike Fungi (Phylum: Basidiomycota)

Saprobes or parasites

Spores held on club like structure called Basidia and spread by
wind

Reproduction:
Asexual: asexual spore production/budding
Sexual: mycelium conjugation between 2 compatible hyphae

63
Q

Charchteristics of plants

A 
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Carry out photosynthesis (autotrophs)
Have cell walls containing cellulose
Develop from embryos protected by tissues of the parent plant
Primarily live on land
Can thrive in a variety of environments
Sessile (can’t move from place to place)
64
Q

Bryophytes: The Mosses (Non-vascular Plants)

A

Bryophyte is the term for plants such as mosses, hornworts and liverworts

Lack true roots, stems, and leaves

Bryophytes are classified based on their lack of vascular tissue (xylem/phloem), creation of spores and synthesis of food through photosynthesis

Bryophytes reproduce both sexually and asexually, plants use spores and pollen to reproduce sexually

Grow in moist environments

65
Q

Vascular Plants: Pteridophytes

A

A seedless vascular plant

Development of vascular tissue
Xylem
Phloem
Transportation of water and nutrients

  • Reproduce sexually
    Spore producing plants (club mosses,ferns)
    Form gametophyte which combines to form sporophyte (no seeds!)
66
Q

Seed Producing Vascular Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

A

Specialized organs (leaves, stems, roots)
Produce either cones or flowers
In most of these plants, the entire male gametophyte is carried from one plant to another by wind or by animals

Gymnosperms: Cone Producing (eg. conifers)

Produce two types of cones- male and female
Male- pollen cones, Female- seed cones

Angiosperms

Flower producing
Reproduce sexually through pollination or seeds
Could be done by self, or cross pollination
Seed develops into fruit

67
Q

Angiosperm Life Cycle

A

Outer area made of sepals and petals
Contains male and female parts
Stamen (male reproductive part)
Pollen (containing sperm) produced by anther
Carpel - female reproductive part - at the base is the ovary which produces eggs
Stigma - carpel opening
Fertilization: pollen travels down style, sperm fertilizes egg

Biology (7 decks)

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