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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basic unit of life

A

cells

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2
Q

the membrane bound compartments in eukaryotic cells are

A

organelles

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3
Q

the subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom are

A

protons and neutrons

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4
Q

the property of plasma membranes that allows only certain types of molecules to cross the membranes without assistance is

A

selective permebility

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5
Q

a bond in which one or more electrons are shared between the atoms of a molecule is called a

A

covalent bond

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6
Q

the 2 types of secondary protein structures are

A

a-helix and b-pleated sheet

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7
Q

the building blocks of proteins are

A

amino acids

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8
Q

the building blocks of nucleic acids are

A

nucleotides

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9
Q

the covalent bonds that connect the monosaccharides of polysaccharides are called

A

glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

the end products of mitosis are

A

2 daughter cells that are genetically identical

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11
Q

the process of G1,S, and G2 is

A

interphase

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12
Q

during meiosis, the chromosome number is cut in half at

A

meiosis 1

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13
Q

_____________ lines up on opposite sides of the metaphase plate during meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

cytokinesis is the

A

division of the cytoplasm

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15
Q

the central dogma of biology states that information in a cell flows from

A

RNA-DNA-Proteins

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16
Q

the segment of DNA molecule with instructions for protein synthesis is called a

A

gene

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17
Q

the neurotransmitter that is used to stimulate muscle contraction is

A

acetylcholine

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18
Q

a ______ is a sequence of 3 RNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acids

A

codon

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19
Q

the process of RNA synthesis is called

A

transcription

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20
Q

the enzyme that synthesizes DNA is

A

DNA polymerase

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21
Q

true/false. Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that move ions from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration

A

false

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22
Q

neurons communicate with other cells across a

A

synapse

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23
Q

cells structure and shape is determined by the __________ in the prokaryotic cells and the ____________ in the eukaryotic cells

A

synapse/cytoskeleton

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24
Q

the structure of a neuron transmits the action potential is an

A

axon

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25
Q

chemical signals that are released into the blood and stimulate a response in distant target cells

A

hormones

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26
Q

the process of maintaining a relatively constant internal environment is

A

homeostasis

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27
Q

the two functions of excretory systems are

A

osmoregulation and excretion of nitrogenous wastes

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28
Q

glycogen, cellulose, and starch are all examples of

A

polysaccharides

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29
Q

true/false. Hydrophobic molecules interact with water and hydrophilic molecules do not interact with water.

A

false

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30
Q

an allele is

A

one of several possible forms of a gene

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31
Q

archaea and bacteria do not have membrane bound organelles; therefore, they are known as

A

prokaryotes

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32
Q

when a neuron is at rest where is the concentration of sodium ions highest

A

outside the cell

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33
Q

the functional unit of the kidney is the

A

nephron

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34
Q

the structure is a nephron that is responsible for filtering the blood is

A

the glomerulus

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35
Q

the observable traits expressed in an organism are descirbed as its

A

phenotype

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36
Q

the hormone that is important in regulating the metabolic rate of an organism is

A

thyroxin

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37
Q

true/false. The diffusion of sodium ions across the membrane results in the generation of an action potential.

A

true

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38
Q

the hormone that is responsible for raising blood glucose levels is

A

glucagon

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39
Q

the enzyme that synthesizes RNA is

A

RNA Polymerase

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40
Q

what are the characteristics of living things?

A

to grow, respond, reproduce, and depend on there environment

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41
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, test, and conclusion

42
Q

What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?

A

should be clear and reliable

43
Q

what is pseudoscience?

A

statements that claim to be scientific and factual

44
Q

how does a hypothesis become a theory?

A

when its been confirmed through an experiment

45
Q

why is it important to include a control group when you design an experiment?

A

to compare and confirm the study was accurate

46
Q

how do you calculate the atomic mass of an atom?

A

adding the total number of protons and the total number of neutrons of that particular isotope

47
Q

what is the difference between the isotopes of an element?

A

An isotope is one of two or more forms of the same chemical element

48
Q

What differentiates isotopes of the same element?

A

the number of neutrons

49
Q

proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are________ constructed of_________

A

polymers…monomers

50
Q

the glucose molecules in starch are held together by________bonds.

A

glycosidic

51
Q

lipids are diverse in structure, but all are alike in that they are__________.

A

hydrophobic

52
Q

true/false. Oils are liquid at room temperature because they consist primarily of saturated fatty acids.

A

false

53
Q

the structure of proteins differs from carbohydrates and lipids in what way?

A

proteins contain nitrogen

54
Q

proteins are polymers made of a combination of__________ monomers

A

amino acids

55
Q

what part of an amino acids determines the chemical properties of the molecule?

A

the side chain

56
Q

protein function depends on the proteins_______, which arises from the number and sequence of amino acids that make up the protein.

A

shape

57
Q

what are the foundations of cell theory?

A

all living organisms are made up of one or more cells and all cells arise from other, preexisting living cells

58
Q

what is not a structure of all prokaryotic cells?

A

nucleus

59
Q

the starting point for translation is the start codon which has the sequence________

A

AUG

60
Q

the first step to gene expression is

A

transcription

61
Q

the two steps of gene expression in eukaryotes are transcription which takes place in the________and translation which takes place in the________.

A

nucleus;cytoplasm

62
Q

explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

A

eukaryotic DNA is found in a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic DNA is found attached to the cell membrane

63
Q

what must happen before the bacterial cells can divide?

A

DNA replicates to produce two identical copies

64
Q

during the______of the eukaryotic cell cycle, the nucleus and the chromosomes divide

A

mitotic phase

65
Q

during the_______of the eukaryotic cell cycle, the DNA is replicated

A

S phase

66
Q

true/false. The daughter cells produced by mitosis are identical to one another.

A

true

67
Q

a cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis._______ daughter cells are created and each cell has_______chromosomes.

A

2;10

68
Q

meiosis results in______daughter cells and mitosis results in_____daughter cells.

A

4 haploid; 2 diploid

69
Q

a cell with a chromosome number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?

A

12

70
Q

a cell with a chromosome number of 24 undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?

A

24

71
Q

under normal conditions, how many copies of a gene are packaged into a sperm cell?

A

1

72
Q

a________is a unit of inheritance passed from parent to child.

A

gene

73
Q

the two genes an individual has at a given locus, one maternal and one paternal, are referred to as_______.

A

alleles

74
Q

the genetic makeup of a trait, such as a flower color, eye color or height is called a

A

genotype

75
Q

a genotype that is heterozygous looks like

A

Gg

76
Q

groups of cells with similar structures, along with some products of those cells, form

A

tissues

77
Q

what is the correct hierarchy of organization, from least complex to most complex is…

A

cell–tissue–organ–organ system

78
Q

what are the 4 major tissues in the adult animal body?

A

muscle,epithelial, connective, and nervous

79
Q

what tissue is under conscious control?

A

skeletal muscle

80
Q

what makes one type of connective tissue different from another?

A

the extracellular matrix

81
Q

the increased frequency and intensity of uterine contractions during childbirth are an example of

A

positive feedback

82
Q

what mechanism of heat exchange involves liquid?

A

evaporation

83
Q

which of the following would be a response to a drop in body temperature?

A

constriction of blood vessels and shivering

84
Q

which of the reactions to a change in temperature requires energy?

A

sweating and shivering

85
Q

the_____is the organ through which blood flows to maintain water and solute homeostasis in the body.

A

kidney

86
Q

cells of freshwater fish move to a_________environment.

A

hypertonic

87
Q

through the process of_________, water and other solutes in filtrate needed by the body are returned to interstitial fluid.

A

reabsorption

88
Q

the normal waste product of the urinary system is made of excess water and_______

A

urea

89
Q

what are the two type of cells that make up the nervous system?

A

neurons and glial cells

90
Q

which ion is involved in the firing of an action potential?

A

sodium ions

91
Q

a synapse is

A

the junction at which a neuron communicates with another cell

92
Q

which cell in a synapse releases the neurotransmitter?

A

presynaptic cell

93
Q

a commonly used drug, nicotine, works by mimicking the neurotransmitter,_______, which causes the release of other stimulation chemicals.

A

acetylcholine

94
Q

when______receptors on cells fill up, it causes fatigue. Caffeine works by blocking these receptors without the same effect.

A

adenosine

95
Q

hormones are usually transported through______and affect______

A

blood vessels….target cells

96
Q

chemicals that are secreted by the body and elicit a response in another body are

A

pheromones

97
Q

hormones that act by binding to plasma membrane receptors are

A

water-soluble

98
Q

what organelle in the eukaryotic cell contains the genetic information of the cells?

A

nucleus

99
Q

what types of lipids makeup cell membranes?

A

phospholipids

100
Q

which enzyme synthesizes the new DNA strands during DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

Biology Final (1 decks)

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