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Research Methology > Better Researcher > Flashcards

Better Researcher Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

An empirical approach to observe and experiment systematically to answer research questions.

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2
Q

What are Ways of Knowing?

A

Different sources of knowledge, such as empiricism, reasoning, and authority, that shape scientific inquiry.

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3
Q

What is an Empirical Question?

A

A question that can be answered through systematic observation or experimentation.

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4
Q

What is Confirmation Bias?

A

A tendency to seek information that supports one’s beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

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5
Q

What is Belief Perseverance?

A

Holding onto beliefs even when faced with evidence that contradicts them.

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6
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

A testable and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between variables in an experiment.

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7
Q

What is Deductive Reasoning?

A

Applying general principles to reach specific conclusions, often used in hypothesis testing.

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8
Q

What is Inductive Reasoning?

A

Building generalizations from specific instances, often used for developing hypotheses.

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9
Q

What is Quantitative Research?

A

Research focused on measuring and analyzing numerical data to identify patterns and test hypotheses.

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10
Q

What is Qualitative Research?

A

Research focused on exploring experiences, thoughts, and behaviors in a detailed, non-numerical way.

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11
Q

What are General Objectives?

A

Overall goals of a research study, defining its main purpose.

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12
Q

What are Specific Objectives?

A

Detailed, focused goals that break down the general objective into specific, connected parts.

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13
Q

What is Experimental Design?

A

A structured approach to establish causal relationships through manipulation and control of variables.

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14
Q

What is Quasi-Experimental Design?

A

Research that resembles an experiment but lacks random assignment, often used in real-world settings.

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15
Q

What is Correlational Design?

A

Non-experimental design focused on examining relationships between naturally occurring variables.

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16
Q

What is a Literature Review?

A

A survey of scholarly sources to understand previous research and identify gaps or areas for further study.

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17
Q

What are Boolean Operators?

A

Search tools (AND, OR, NOT) used to refine literature searches in databases.

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18
Q

What is Truncation?

A

Using symbols like * to include all forms of a word in a search (e.g., ‘educat*’ to find ‘education’, ‘educator’).

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19
Q

What is an Operational Definition?

A

Defining variables in terms of how they will be measured or observed in a study.

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20
Q

What is an Independent Variable (IV)?

A

The variable manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

21
Q

What is a Dependent Variable (DV)?

A

The outcome variable measured in response to the manipulation of the independent variable.

22
Q

What is an Extraneous Variable?

A

A variable other than the IV that may influence the DV, requiring control to prevent confounding results.

23
Q

What is Construct Validity?

A

The extent to which a test or measurement accurately reflects the concept it aims to measure.

24
Q

What is Internal Validity?

A

The degree to which the results of a study can be attributed to the manipulation of the IV, not extraneous variables.

25
Q

What is External Validity?

A

The extent to which study results can be generalized beyond the specific study context.

26
Q

What is Reliability?

A

The consistency of a measure; includes test-retest, internal consistency, and inter-rater reliability.

27
Q

What is Test-Retest Reliability?

A

Consistency of a measurement over time.

28
Q

What is Internal Consistency?

A

The degree to which items on a test measure the same construct and yield similar results.

29
Q

What is Inter-Rater Reliability?

A

The degree to which different observers or raters agree in their assessments.

30
Q

What is Random Assignment?

A

Assigning participants to different groups by chance to reduce bias and control extraneous variables.

31
Q

What is Between-Subjects Design?

A

An experimental design where different groups are exposed to different conditions.

32
Q

What is Within-Subjects Design?

A

An experimental design where the same participants experience all conditions.

33
Q

What is an Experimental Group?

A

The group that receives the treatment or intervention being tested.

34
Q

What is a Control Group?

A

The group that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison with the experimental group.

35
Q

What is a Placebo Control Group?

A

A control group receiving a placebo to measure effects due to participants’ expectations.

36
Q

What is a Yoked Control Group?

A

A control group where participants receive similar conditions to the experimental group but without direct intervention.

37
Q

What is Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient?

A

A statistic measuring the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.

38
Q

What is the difference between Correlation and Causation?

A

Correlation identifies relationships; causation implies a direct cause-and-effect relationship.

39
Q

What is Standardization?

A

Using uniform procedures to ensure consistency in testing and scoring across participants.

40
Q

What is Error Variance?

A

Random variability in an experiment that can obscure the effect of the IV on the DV.

41
Q

What is Maximizing Independent Variance?

A

Increasing the variability in the IV to better detect its effect on the DV.

42
Q

What is Minimizing Error Variance?

A

Reducing variability due to random errors or uncontrolled variables.

43
Q

What is Controlling External Variables?

A

Managing outside factors that could interfere with the relationship between IV and DV.

44
Q

What is the Abductive Method?

A

Starting with an incomplete set of observations and seeking the best possible explanation.

45
Q

What is the Hypothetico-Deductive Method?

A

Formulating hypotheses and testing them through specific predictions.

46
Q

What is Single-Subject Design?

A

Research focusing on changes in a single case over time as a result of interventions.

47
Q

What is Meta-Analysis?

A

A statistical method for combining results from multiple studies to draw broader conclusions.

48
Q

What is a Systematic Review?

A

A structured synthesis of all available research on a specific topic, based on a defined research question.

49
Q

What is Operationalization?

A

The process of defining a variable in practical, measurable terms for research.

Research Methology (3 decks)

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