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MSK 2 > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Why is blood considered a specialized CT?

A

consists of cells and extracellular components (protein rich plasma)

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2
Q

Morphology of RBC

A
  • Anucleate cells without many of the normal organelles-kicked out for increased hemoglobin content
  • Biconcave discs that are extremely flexible
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3
Q

Cell types in Blood

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Thrombocytes
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4
Q

RBC function

A
  • O2 and nutrient delivery
  • CO2 and transport waste
  • deliver hormones, regulatory substances, and immune system cells
  • Maintain homeostasis
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5
Q

How does blood maintain homeostasis

A

buffer, participates in coagulation, thermoregulation

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6
Q

Components of blood

A
  1. plasma
  2. plasma proteins
  3. hematocrit
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7
Q

Hematocrit

A

Volume of RBC in blood sample (Packed cell volume, PVC)

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8
Q

% that leukocytes and platelets consist of in blood

A

1%

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9
Q

Blood plasma

A

liquid extracellular component of blood which acts as fluid solvent

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10
Q

interstitial fluid

A

derived from blood plasma and surrounds cells

-same electrolyte composition as blood plasma

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11
Q

3 plasma proteins

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulin
  3. fibrogen
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12
Q

serum

A

plasma w/o clotting factors

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13
Q

albumin

A

main protein of plasma, (50%)

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14
Q

where is albumin made

A

liver

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15
Q

what is albumin responsible for?

A
  • conc gradient between blood and extracellular fluid
  • colloid osmotic pressure which pulls fluid INTO blood
  • carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, barbituates
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16
Q

Globulins

A

Immunoglobin and non-immunoglobin (maintain osmotic pressure by serving as carrier proteins)

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17
Q

types of non-immunoglobin globulins

A
  1. fibroxnectin
  2. lipoprotein
  3. coagulation factors
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18
Q

Fibronectin

A
  • largest plasma protein
  • made in liver
  • involved in platelet plug formation
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19
Q

how is fibrin produced?

A

fibronectin interacts with thrombin

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20
Q

What do fibrin cross links form?

A

impermeable net to prevent further blood loss

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21
Q

lifespan of erythrocytes

A

120 days where they are phagocytize by spleen, BM, liver

22
Q

normal RBC count for male and female

A

Male: 4.5-6 million cells/mcL
female: 4-5 million cells/mcL

23
Q

Reticulocytes

A
  • anucleate, immature RBC which reflect erythroid proliferation
  • stain blue due to residual ribosomal RNA retained
24
Q

Normal pathway of reticulocytes

A

enter circulation, lose polyribosomes, mature into RBC

25
Q

Normal reticulocyte count

A
  1. 5-1.5% of RBC

- increase/decrease can indicate malignancy or pathology

26
Q

Anemia

A

decreased hgb, commonly from decreased RBC

27
Q

sickle cell disease

A

point mutation in beta globin chain of HbA (glutamic acid to valine) = HgS

28
Q

Sickled RBC

A
  • blood more viscous, RBC more fragile
  • RBC break down after 20 days
  • can pile up and occlude small or large vesicles
29
Q

jaundice

A
  • yellow color of skin and sclera of eyes
  • buildup of bilirubin (pigment in RBC)
  • inherited RBC defect
  • Pathogenic organisms, animal venom, chemicals, drugs
30
Q

Granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

31
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

32
Q

normal leukocyte count

A

5000-10000 cells/mcL

33
Q

Leukocyte abundance from high to low

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

  1. Neutrophils (highest)
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
34
Q

Neutrophil hallmark sign

A
  • multi-lobed nucleus

- lack general cytoplasmic staining

35
Q

neutrophil function

A
  • secrete enzymes (granules), ingest damaged tissue, kill invading microorganisms
  • recognize and bind bacteria
36
Q

Neutrophil Azurophilic vs specific granules

A

Azurophilic: lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase
specific: various enzymes, complement activators, antimicrobial peptides

37
Q

Diapedesis

A

passage of WBC thru blood vessels to area of damage or infection

38
Q

Eosinophil hallmark signs

A
  • bi-lobed

- abundance of large acidophilic granules staining INTENSE RED OR PINK

39
Q

Eosinophil function

A
  • phagocize ab-ang complex
  • increase with allergies and/or parasitic infection
  • can mediate chronic inflammation (asthma)
40
Q

Basophil hallmark signs

A
  • basophilic

- granules stain intense purple

41
Q

Basophil function

A
  • release vasoactive agents (histamine/heparin)
  • supplement mast cell function
  • responsible for TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY RXN and ANAPHYLAXIS
42
Q

Lymphocyte hallmark sign

A
  • intense staining, purple

- spherical nucleus with thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasma

43
Q

Common infections that lymphocytes respond to

A

viral or fungal

44
Q

Monocyte hallmark sign

A

-indented, horseshoe-shaped nucleus with paler cytoplasm

45
Q

Cells monocytes can differentiate into:

A
  • monocyte (in blood)
  • macrophages (CT, BM, spleen, lymph)
  • osteoclasts
  • Kupffer cells (liver)
  • microglia (brain)
46
Q

Thrombocyte hallmark sign

A

small

membrane bound, cytoplasmic fragments

47
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

large polyploid cells in bone marrow that produce thrombocytes

48
Q

thrombocyte function

A
  • granules release platelet specific proteins
  • controlling blood loss
  • hemostasis
49
Q

What are bands in relation to identification in histology slides and what would their large presence indicate

A

immature neutrophils with banded nucleus (vs lobed)

-bacterial infection, cancer

50
Q

What physiological components cause sickeling of cells?

A

Low O2 or dehydration causes Hgb to precipitate

MSK 2 (6 decks)

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